HESI A2
HESI A2 Practice Test Anatomy and Physiology
1. What type of joint is found in the shoulder?
- A. Ball and socket joint
- B. Hinge joint
- C. Saddle joint
- D. Pivot joint
Correct answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is a ball and socket joint. The shoulder joint is a ball and socket joint, allowing for a wide range of motion, including rotation. This joint provides excellent flexibility and mobility, making movements like circular motions and rotations possible. A hinge joint, like the elbow, allows movement in only one plane (flexion and extension). A saddle joint, found in the thumb, allows for a wide range of motion but not as much as a ball and socket joint. A pivot joint, such as the joint between the first and second vertebrae of the neck, allows rotation only.
2. Which vitamin is essential for vision and skin health?
- A. Vitamin A
- B. Vitamin C
- C. Vitamin D
- D. Vitamin E
Correct answer: A
Rationale: Vitamin A is the correct answer. It is crucial for maintaining healthy vision and skin. Vitamin A plays a vital role in supporting normal vision, skin health, and immune function. Specifically, it is important for the health of the retina and is essential for the formation of rhodopsin, a protein in the retina necessary for low-light and color vision. Vitamin C (Choice B) is important for collagen synthesis and immune function, but it is not primarily associated with vision health. Vitamin D (Choice C) is crucial for bone health and immune function, while Vitamin E (Choice D) acts as an antioxidant, protecting cells from damage, but neither are primarily linked to vision and skin health like Vitamin A.
3. What is the primary function of the digestive system?
- A. To transport oxygen
- B. To break down food and absorb nutrients
- C. To produce hormones
- D. To transport blood
Correct answer: B
Rationale: The primary function of the digestive system is to break down food into smaller molecules and absorb nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. These nutrients are then utilized by the body for energy, growth, and repair. The digestive system plays a crucial role in the process of extracting essential components from food and distributing them to the body's cells through the bloodstream. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because transporting oxygen, producing hormones, and transporting blood are functions associated with other body systems like the respiratory system, endocrine system, and circulatory system, respectively, not the digestive system.
4. How does the skeletal system work with the nervous system?
- A. The bones transmit signals about body position to the brain.
- B. Pain nerves within bones notify the brain of injuries.
- C. The vertebrae of the spine protect the spinal cord.
- D. Bone marrow generates and houses nerve cells.
Correct answer: C
Rationale: The skeletal system collaborates with the nervous system by providing protection and support for critical nervous system components. The vertebrae of the spine play a crucial role in safeguarding the spinal cord, a key component of the nervous system responsible for transmitting messages between the brain and the body. Protecting the spinal cord is essential to prevent neurological complications. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because while bones do play a role in body position and can sense pain, the primary focus of the skeletal system's interaction with the nervous system is to protect vital components like the spinal cord, rather than generating nerve cells.
5. Which organ system is primarily responsible for integrating voluntary movements?
- A. Cardiovascular system
- B. Digestive system
- C. Respiratory system
- D. Nervous system
Correct answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Nervous system. The nervous system is primarily responsible for integrating voluntary movements. This system includes the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves that communicate signals throughout the body to control movement. The brain interprets sensory information, formulates decisions, and sends signals to the muscles to execute voluntary movements. The cardiovascular system is responsible for circulating blood, the digestive system for breaking down food and absorbing nutrients, and the respiratory system for gas exchange in the body. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not play a primary role in integrating voluntary movements.
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