Nursing Elites

1. Which organelle in the cell contains the genetic material?

• A. Ribosome
• B. Nucleus
• C. Mitochondria
• D. Endoplasmic reticulum

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B, Nucleus. The nucleus is the organelle in the cell that contains the genetic material (DNA). DNA within the nucleus determines the cell's functions and characteristics, making it essential for cell function and replication. Choice A, Ribosome, is responsible for protein synthesis, not genetic material storage. Choice C, Mitochondria, produces energy but does not contain the genetic material. Choice D, Endoplasmic reticulum, is involved in protein synthesis and lipid metabolism but does not house the genetic material.

2. Which gland is responsible for regulating metabolism and calcium levels?

• A. Pituitary gland
• B. Adrenal gland
• C. Thyroid gland
• D. Pineal gland

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is the thyroid gland (Choice C). The thyroid gland plays a crucial role in regulating metabolism by producing hormones like thyroxine, which control the body's metabolic rate. It also helps in controlling calcium levels in the blood through the release of calcitonin. The pituitary gland (Choice A) is known as the 'master gland' as it controls other glands but is not primarily responsible for regulating metabolism and calcium levels. The adrenal gland (Choice B) produces hormones like cortisol and adrenaline, which are involved in the stress response and metabolism, but they do not specifically regulate calcium levels. The pineal gland (Choice D) mainly produces melatonin, a hormone that helps in regulating sleep-wake cycles and has no direct role in metabolism or calcium level regulation.

3. Which mineral is important for the formation of red blood cells?

• A. Selenium
• B. Calcium
• C. Magnesium
• D. Copper

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Copper is crucial for the formation of red blood cells as it is a component of enzymes involved in the production of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells responsible for transporting oxygen throughout the body, requires copper for its synthesis. A deficiency in copper can result in anemia due to insufficient production of red blood cells. Selenium, calcium, and magnesium do not play a direct role in red blood cell formation, making them incorrect choices for this question.

4. Which of the following is not part of the body’s secondary defense system?

• A. Macrophages
• B. Leukocytes
• C. T cells
• D. Cilia

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Cilia are not part of the body's secondary defense system. They are hair-like structures primarily involved in movement and transporting substances across cell surfaces, such as in the respiratory tract for debris and pathogen removal. However, cilia do not play a direct role in the immune response mechanisms characteristic of the body's secondary defense system. Macrophages, leukocytes, and T cells are immune cells that actively participate in the secondary defense system by targeting and eliminating pathogens.

5. Through which organ do muscles push food into the stomach via peristalsis?

• A. Mouth
• B. Small intestine
• C. Epiglottis
• D. Esophagus

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, Esophagus. Muscles push food into the stomach via peristalsis in the esophagus. Peristalsis is a coordinated muscular contraction that helps move food from the mouth to the stomach through the esophagus. The rhythmic contractions of the esophageal muscles create a wave-like motion that propels food downward toward the stomach for digestion. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because the mouth is where digestion begins but does not push food into the stomach, the small intestine is mainly responsible for absorbing nutrients, and the epiglottis is a flap that prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing, not involved in pushing food into the stomach.

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