Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following types of stem cells can differentiate into any cell type, including forming an entire organism?

• A. Totipotent stem cells
• B. Multipotent stem cells
• C. Pluripotent stem cells
• D. Hematopoietic stem cells

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Totipotent stem cells possess the unique ability to differentiate into any cell type, including forming an entire organism. These cells have the highest potency level and can give rise to both embryonic and extraembryonic cell types, allowing them to develop into a complete organism. Multipotent stem cells (Choice B) can differentiate into a limited range of cell types within a specific tissue or organ. Pluripotent stem cells (Choice C) can differentiate into any cell type in the body except for those needed to support and develop a fetus. Hematopoietic stem cells (Choice D) are a type of multipotent stem cell that can differentiate into various blood cell types.

2. What is the difference between a pure substance and a mixture?

• A. Pure substances have a fixed composition, mixtures don't.
• B. Mixtures have a fixed composition, pure substances don't.
• C. Pure substances can be in any state, mixtures are not always solids.
• D. Pure substances are always elements, mixtures are always compounds.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Pure substances have a definite and constant composition, meaning they are made up of only one type of atom or molecule with fixed proportions. This composition does not vary. On the other hand, mixtures are composed of two or more substances physically combined. The components of a mixture can be present in varying proportions, leading to a variable composition. Choice A is correct as it accurately distinguishes between pure substances and mixtures based on the fixed composition of pure substances and the variable composition of mixtures. Choice B is incorrect because mixtures, not pure substances, have variable compositions. Choice C is incorrect as both pure substances and mixtures can exist in different states. Choice D is incorrect because pure substances can be compounds as well, not exclusively elements, and mixtures can contain elements and compounds.

3. Which type of tissue connects muscles to bones?

• A. Ligaments
• B. Tendons
• C. Cartilage
• D. Muscles

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Tendons. Tendons connect muscles to bones, not bones to muscles. They play a crucial role in transmitting the force generated by muscles to move bones, enabling movement. Ligaments (choice A) connect bones to bones, providing stability to joints. Cartilage (choice C) is a connective tissue found in joints, providing cushioning and flexibility. Muscles (choice D) are responsible for generating force through contraction but do not directly connect muscles to bones.

4. Which of the following molecules is a monosaccharide?

• A. Starch
• B. Glucose
• C. Cellulose
• D. Sucrose

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Starch is a polysaccharide, not a monosaccharide, making choice A incorrect. Glucose, choice B, is the correct answer as it is a monosaccharide, the simplest form of sugar. Cellulose, choice C, is a polysaccharide like starch, not a monosaccharide. Sucrose, choice D, is a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose, not a monosaccharide. Glucose, being a monosaccharide, is a single sugar unit that serves as a primary energy source for living organisms.

5. What is the name of the sheath of connective tissue that surrounds a skeletal muscle?

• A. Epimysium
• B. Perimysium
• C. Endomysium
• D. Myofibril

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is Epimysium. The epimysium is the outermost layer of connective tissue that surrounds a skeletal muscle, providing protection and support to the muscle as a whole. Perimysium, which surrounds bundles of muscle fibers known as fascicles, is not the sheath that surrounds the entire muscle. Endomysium surrounds individual muscle fibers, not the entire muscle. Myofibril is a structure within muscle fibers that contains the contractile proteins responsible for muscle contraction, but it is not the sheath of connective tissue surrounding the muscle.

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