Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following phases of mitosis is characterized by the separation of sister chromatids and their movement to opposite poles?

• A. Metaphase
• B. Anaphase
• C. Telophase
• D. Cytokinesis

Correct answer: B

Rationale: During anaphase of mitosis, the sister chromatids, which are duplicated copies of a chromosome, separate and move towards opposite poles of the cell. This movement is facilitated by the shortening of microtubules attached to the chromatids. As a result, each pole of the cell receives a complete set of chromosomes, ensuring that the daughter cells produced after cell division will have the correct number of chromosomes. Metaphase is characterized by the alignment of chromosomes at the cell's equator, not their separation. Telophase is the phase following anaphase, where the separated chromatids reach the opposite poles and nuclear envelopes start to form around them. Cytokinesis is the final stage of cell division, where the cytoplasm is divided to form two separate daughter cells.

2. Which part of the ear is responsible for transmitting sound vibrations to the inner ear?

• A. Cochlea
• B. Ossicles
• C. Semicircular canals
• D. Eustachian tube

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Ossicles. The ossicles, consisting of the malleus, incus, and stapes, are located in the middle ear. They play a crucial role in transmitting sound vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear, specifically to the cochlea. The cochlea is responsible for converting sound vibrations into electrical signals for the brain to interpret. The semicircular canals are not involved in transmitting sound but are responsible for balance and orientation. The eustachian tube's function is to help equalize pressure in the middle ear, not to transmit sound vibrations.

3. A student hypothesizes that higher sugar consumption negatively impacts test scores. To investigate this, the student recruits participants to consume varying amounts of sugar, wait for one hour, and then complete an aptitude test. The student will record both the amount of sugar consumed and the test scores to analyze the relationship. What is the best experimental approach?

• A. Conduct one round of testing where each participant consumes a different amount of sugar.
• B. Conduct two rounds of testing: In the first round, participants consume varying amounts of sugar; in the second round, they consume the same amount of sugar as they did in the first round.
• C. Conduct two rounds of testing: In the first round, participants consume varying amounts of sugar; in the second round, participants consume no sugar.
• D. Conduct one round of testing where all participants consume the same amount of sugar.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Option C provides the most thorough experimental design by including a control group. In the first round, varying sugar intake levels help explore the relationship between sugar consumption and test scores. In the second round, by having participants consume no sugar, the student can compare results to observe any changes due to sugar intake. This approach enhances the validity of the findings by accounting for potential confounding factors and better identifying causal relationships. Choice A is not ideal as it lacks a control group and does not compare the impact of sugar consumption. Choice B does not explore the effects of sugar consumption adequately as it does not include a group without sugar. Choice D does not allow for comparison between different sugar consumption levels, limiting the ability to draw meaningful conclusions.

4. What is the term for a solution that contains less solute than the maximum amount it could dissolve at a specific temperature and pressure?

• A. Saturated solution
• B. Unsaturated solution
• C. Supersaturated solution
• D. Concentrated solution

Correct answer: B

Rationale: An unsaturated solution is a solution that contains less solute than the maximum amount it could dissolve at a specific temperature and pressure. In an unsaturated solution, more solute can still be added and dissolved in the solvent. Choice A, a saturated solution, refers to a solution in which the maximum amount of solute has been dissolved at a specific temperature and pressure, leading to equilibrium. Choice C, a supersaturated solution, contains more solute than it can normally hold at a specific temperature and pressure, achieved through special conditions followed by rapid cooling or evaporation. Choice D, a concentrated solution, refers to a solution with a high amount of solute compared to the amount of solvent, regardless of reaching the saturation point.

5. What is the main function of the small intestine?

• A. To store food and break it down into smaller pieces
• B. To absorb nutrients into the bloodstream
• C. To produce enzymes that help digest food
• D. To eliminate waste products from the body

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The small intestine is a crucial part of the digestive system responsible for absorbing nutrients into the bloodstream. This absorption primarily occurs through the villi lining the small intestine, which increases the surface area available for nutrient absorption. Nutrients like carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals are absorbed into the bloodstream to support various bodily functions such as energy production, growth, and repair. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they do not accurately depict the primary function of the small intestine, which is nutrient absorption.

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