Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following nutrients is correctly matched with its foundational components?

• A. Carbohydrates are formed when glucose molecules bond together.
• B. Lipids consist of fatty acids and glycerol.
• C. Nucleic acids consist of nitrogenous bases, sugar, and phosphate groups.
• D. Proteins consist of strings of amino acids.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Proteins consist of strings of amino acids. Amino acids are the basic building blocks of proteins, and they are linked together in a specific sequence to form a protein structure. This is a correct match between the nutrient (proteins) and its foundational components (amino acids). Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not accurately match the foundational components of the respective nutrients. Carbohydrates are not formed by glucose molecules bonding together; they are made up of sugar molecules. Lipids consist of fatty acids and glycerol, but they are not nutrients typically associated with bonding for formation. Nucleic acids do consist of nitrogenous bases, sugar, and phosphate groups, but they are not the correct match for the question.

2. Which of the following arteries are not branches of the facial artery in the cervical portion?

• A. Ascending palatine artery
• B. Glandular artery
• C. Superior labial artery
• D. Tonsillar artery

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C, the Superior labial artery. It is a branch of the facial artery in the facial portion, not in the cervical portion. The ascending palatine artery, glandular artery, and tonsillar artery are branches of the facial artery in the cervical portion. The ascending palatine artery supplies the palate, the glandular artery provides blood to the salivary glands, and the tonsillar artery is responsible for supplying blood to the tonsils. These arteries play a crucial role in the vascular supply of the head and neck region, aiding in various physiological functions.

3. Mrs. Jones's class is conducting an experiment. They will substitute artificial sweetener for sugar in a cookie recipe to determine the effect on the overall color of the baked cookies. Which of the following should be included in the instructions for the experiment?

• A. When preparing the batch that includes artificial sweetener, 20% more water should be included.
• B. The bake temperature should be decreased from 425°F to 400°F.
• C. The batch with artificial sweetener should be baked on a stainless steel sheet.
• D. Ingredient proportions, bake time, bake temperature, and cookie sheet material should all be kept the same between the two batches.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: To ensure a valid comparison and isolate the impact of the artificial sweetener, the experiment should maintain consistency in all factors except the sugar substitution. By keeping ingredient proportions, bake time, bake temperature, and cookie sheet material the same, any observed differences in the color of the cookies can be attributed to the artificial sweetener rather than other variables. Choices A, B, and C introduce additional variables that could confound the results. Choice A would alter the consistency of the recipe by adjusting the water content, Choice B would introduce a change in baking temperature which could affect the outcome, and Choice C suggests a change in the type of baking sheet used, potentially impacting the baking process and results. Therefore, maintaining consistency in all other factors except for the sugar substitution is crucial for a reliable experiment.

4. What is the process by which a solid changes directly into a liquid?

• A. Melting
• B. Condensation
• C. Sublimation
• D. Deposition

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Melting. Melting is the process through which a solid substance changes directly into a liquid. Choice B, Condensation, is the transition from gas to liquid. Choice C, Sublimation, refers to the direct change from solid to gas. Choice D, Deposition, is the direct transition from gas to solid, not from solid to liquid as in the question.

5. What is the difference between a germline mutation and a somatic mutation?

• A. Germline mutations are passed to offspring, while somatic mutations are not.
• B. Germline mutations occur in reproductive cells, while somatic mutations occur in body cells.
• C. Germline mutations only affect genes, while somatic mutations can affect any DNA.
• D. Germline mutations are always beneficial, while somatic mutations are always harmful.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Rationale: - Germline mutations are changes in the DNA of reproductive cells (sperm or egg cells) and can be passed on to offspring, affecting all cells in the resulting organism. - Somatic mutations are changes in the DNA of non-reproductive cells (body cells) and are not passed on to offspring. These mutations only affect the cells that arise from the mutated cell. - Option A is incorrect because somatic mutations are not passed to offspring. - Option C is incorrect because both germline and somatic mutations can affect any DNA. - Option D is incorrect because the effects of mutations, whether germline or somatic, can be beneficial, harmful, or have no significant impact.

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