Nursing Elites

1. Which names a final step in protein synthesis?

• A. DNA unzips.
• B. Amino acids bond.
• C. Transfer RNA bonds to messenger RNA.
• D. Messenger RNA moves to ribosomes.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The final step in protein synthesis is when amino acids bond together to form a protein chain. This process occurs during translation, where transfer RNA (tRNA) brings specific amino acids to the ribosome, and the ribosome catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds between the amino acids. This step ultimately leads to the synthesis of a complete protein based on the instructions from messenger RNA (mRNA). Choice A ('DNA unzips') is incorrect as it refers to the initiation of transcription, not the final step of protein synthesis. Choice C ('Transfer RNA bonds to messenger RNA') is incorrect as it describes the process of translation initiation rather than the final step. Choice D ('Messenger RNA moves to ribosomes') is also incorrect as mRNA is already present at the ribosomes throughout the translation process, not just in the final step.

2. Within the biological hierarchical system of organization, which of the following is least inclusive?

• A. phylum
• B. order
• C. kingdom
• D. species

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is 'D: species.' In the biological hierarchical system of organization, a species is the least inclusive level. A species consists of organisms that share similar characteristics and can interbreed to produce fertile offspring. On the other hand, a phylum, order, and kingdom are more inclusive classifications that encompass multiple species. Phylum groups together related classes, order groups together related families, and kingdom groups together related phyla. Therefore, species is the least inclusive category within the biological hierarchical system.

3. What type of transport moves substances across the cell membrane using energy?

• A. Passive Transport
• B. Active Transport
• C. Facilitated Diffusion
• D. Osmosis

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Active Transport. Active transport moves substances across the cell membrane by utilizing energy from the cell, typically in the form of ATP. This process allows the cell to move molecules against their concentration gradient, requiring energy expenditure. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because passive transport does not require energy input, facilitated diffusion involves the assistance of proteins but does not directly use energy, and osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules specifically, not substances, across a selectively permeable membrane.

4. DNA bases include all but which of the following?

• A. Adenine
• B. Thymine
• C. Uracil
• D. Cytosine

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Uracil. Uracil is not a DNA base; it is a base found only in RNA. The four bases in DNA are Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Guanine. Choice A, Adenine, is a correct DNA base. Choice B, Thymine, is a correct DNA base. Choice D, Cytosine, is a correct DNA base. Therefore, Uracil is the only incorrect choice among the options provided.

5. Why do gardeners sometimes use salt to get rid of slugs?

• A. The salt moves from the exterior into the slug’s body.
• B. The salt causes water in the slug to move outward.
• C. The salt and slug slime merge to form a new compound.
• D. The salt’s corrosiveness breaks down the slug’s cell walls.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Gardeners use salt to get rid of slugs because salt is corrosive and breaks down the slug's cell walls. When the slug comes into contact with salt, the salt draws moisture out of the slug's body, causing dehydration and ultimately leading to the slug's death. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because the primary mechanism of salt in eliminating slugs is its corrosive action on the slug's body, not the movement of salt into the slug's body, outward movement of water in the slug, or merging with slug slime to form a new compound.

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