HESI A2
HESI A2 Anatomy and Physiology Quizlet
1. Which muscle group is primarily responsible for extending the knee?
- A. Hamstrings
- B. Quadriceps
- C. Calves
- D. Glutes
Correct answer: B
Rationale: The quadriceps, a group of muscles located on the front of the thigh, are primarily responsible for extending the knee joint. When the quadriceps contract, they work to straighten the knee, allowing for actions like kicking or standing up from a seated position. The hamstrings (Choice A) are responsible for flexing the knee, the calves (Choice C) primarily work on plantar flexion at the ankle joint, and the glutes (Choice D) are mainly involved in hip extension.
2. Which hormone is secreted by the pancreas to lower blood glucose levels?
- A. Insulin
- B. Glucagon
- C. Somatostatin
- D. Cortisol
Correct answer: A
Rationale: Insulin is secreted by the pancreas to lower blood glucose levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells. It promotes the storage of glucose as glycogen in the liver and muscles, reducing blood sugar levels. Glucagon, on the other hand, works to raise blood glucose levels by stimulating the breakdown of glycogen into glucose and releasing it into the bloodstream. Somatostatin regulates the endocrine system and inhibits the release of insulin and glucagon. Cortisol is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands, not the pancreas, and it plays a role in stress response and metabolism, but it does not directly lower blood glucose levels.
3. How do the digestive system and urinary system work together?
- A. The digestive system controls the function of the ureter.
- B. The urinary system removes toxins from the products of digestion.
- C. The digestive system manufactures hormones that influence urination.
- D. The urinary system eliminates some waste products of digestion.
Correct answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because the urinary system eliminates some waste products of digestion. After digestion in the digestive system, nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream, and waste products are transported to the kidneys via the urinary system to be excreted as urine. This process helps eliminate waste products generated during digestion, illustrating the coordination between the digestive and urinary systems. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect. Choice A is incorrect as the ureter is part of the urinary system, not controlled by the digestive system. Choice B is incorrect as the urinary system primarily removes metabolic waste, not toxins from digestion. Choice C is incorrect because the digestive system mainly aids in digestion and nutrient absorption, not hormone production affecting urination.
4. Beriberi is a disease caused by a lack of ___________.
- A. thiamine
- B. vitamin C
- C. niacin
- D. protein
Correct answer: A
Rationale: Beriberi is a disease caused by a deficiency of thiamine, also known as vitamin B1. Thiamine is essential for the proper functioning of the nervous system and energy metabolism in the body. Without enough thiamine, individuals may develop symptoms such as weakness, fatigue, nerve damage, and heart problems, which are characteristic of beriberi. Vitamin C (choice B), niacin (choice C), and protein (choice D) deficiencies can cause other health issues but are not directly related to beriberi.
5. Which part of the respiratory system is in the upper respiratory tract?
- A. Bronchioles
- B. Alveolar ducts
- C. Alveoli
- D. None of the above
Correct answer: D
Rationale: The upper respiratory tract includes structures such as the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx. These structures are responsible for filtering, warming, and humidifying the air. The lower respiratory tract comprises the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli. Bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli are all part of the lower respiratory system, involved in gas exchange. Therefore, the correct answer is 'None of the above' as none of the listed options are part of the upper respiratory tract.
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