Nursing Elites

1. Which hormone is involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle?

• A. Insulin
• B. Melatonin
• C. Cortisol
• D. Thyroxine

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Melatonin. Melatonin, produced by the pineal gland, is the hormone involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle. It plays a crucial role in signaling the body that it is time to sleep and is influenced by light exposure. Melatonin levels typically rise in the evening, promoting sleep, and decrease in the morning, helping in waking up. Choice A, Insulin, is involved in regulating blood sugar levels, not the sleep-wake cycle. Choice C, Cortisol, is a stress hormone that helps regulate metabolism and immune response but is not primarily involved in the sleep-wake cycle. Choice D, Thyroxine, is a hormone produced by the thyroid gland that regulates metabolism, growth, and development, but it is not directly involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle.

2. Which of these can provide significant protein to a person on a vegan diet?

• A. Eggs
• B. Fish
• C. Tofu
• D. Leafy greens

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Tofu is a plant-based source of protein that can provide a significant amount of protein to a person on a vegan diet. It is made from soybeans and is a versatile ingredient that can be used in various dishes to increase protein intake. Tofu is a good option for vegans looking to meet their protein needs. Eggs and fish are not suitable for a vegan diet as they are animal products. While leafy greens do contain some protein, they are not considered a significant protein source compared to tofu.

3. Which hormone is secreted by the pancreas to lower blood glucose levels?

• A. Insulin
• B. Glucagon
• C. Somatostatin
• D. Cortisol

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Insulin is secreted by the pancreas to lower blood glucose levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells. It promotes the storage of glucose as glycogen in the liver and muscles, reducing blood sugar levels. Glucagon, on the other hand, works to raise blood glucose levels by stimulating the breakdown of glycogen into glucose and releasing it into the bloodstream. Somatostatin regulates the endocrine system and inhibits the release of insulin and glucagon. Cortisol is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands, not the pancreas, and it plays a role in stress response and metabolism, but it does not directly lower blood glucose levels.

4. Which bones do the rotator cuff help to stabilize?

• A. Radius and humerus
• B. Scapula and clavicle
• C. Humerus and scapula
• D. Ulna and radius

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Humerus and scapula. The rotator cuff is a group of muscles and tendons that help stabilize the shoulder joint. Specifically, the rotator cuff muscles help to stabilize the head of the humerus (the upper arm bone) within the shallow socket of the scapula (shoulder blade). This stabilizing action is crucial for maintaining shoulder joint function and preventing injuries. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because the rotator cuff primarily stabilizes the humerus and scapula, not the radius, ulna, or clavicle.

5. What is the main function of the respiratory system?

• A. To transport nutrients
• B. To regulate body temperature
• C. To absorb oxygen and remove carbon dioxide
• D. To produce energy

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The main function of the respiratory system is to absorb oxygen from the air into the bloodstream and remove carbon dioxide from the body. Oxygen is essential for cellular respiration, the process through which cells generate energy. Carbon dioxide is a waste product expelled during this process. Choice A, 'To transport nutrients,' is incorrect as the respiratory system is not primarily responsible for transporting nutrients. Choice B, 'To regulate body temperature,' is incorrect as the respiratory system's main role is not temperature regulation. Choice D, 'To produce energy,' is incorrect because while oxygen obtained through respiration is used in the energy production process, the respiratory system itself does not directly produce energy.

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