Nursing Elites

1. What organelle is responsible for packaging, processing, and shipping?

• A. Nucleus
• B. Golgi Apparatus
• C. Endoplasmic Reticulum
• D. Ribosomes

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The Golgi Apparatus is the correct answer. It is responsible for packaging, processing, and shipping proteins and lipids within the cell. The nucleus houses genetic material, the endoplasmic reticulum is involved in protein synthesis and lipid metabolism, and ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis. Therefore, choices A, C, and D are not the correct answers for the functions of packaging, processing, and shipping.

2. The cell membrane consists of a bilayer of phospholipids with proteins, cholesterol, and glycoproteins. What does this bilayer create?

• A. Impermeable
• B. Permeable
• C. Selectively permeable
• D. Selectively impermeable

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is 'Selectively permeable.' The cell membrane's bilayer structure allows it to be selectively permeable, meaning it can control the passage of substances. This property enables the membrane to regulate the entry and exit of specific molecules, ions, and other substances. Choice A, 'Impermeable,' is incorrect as the cell membrane is not completely impermeable and does allow certain substances to pass through. Choice B, 'Permeable,' is also incorrect as it does not address the selective nature of the membrane. Choice D, 'Selectively impermeable,' is a contradictory term and does not accurately describe the cell membrane's function.

3. What kind of bond connects sugar and phosphate in DNA?

• A. hydrogen
• B. ionic
• C. covalent
• D. overt

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Sugar and phosphate are indeed connected by covalent bonds in DNA. Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms, which is essential for forming the backbone of the DNA molecule. Hydrogen bonds (Choice A) are important in holding the nitrogenous bases together in the DNA double helix but do not connect sugar and phosphate. Ionic bonds (Choice B) involve the transfer of electrons between atoms and are not the primary bond connecting sugar and phosphate in DNA. 'Overt' (Choice D) is not a type of chemical bond and is an incorrect distractor.

4. How do green plants use nitrates in the nitrogen cycle?

• A. To synthesize proteins
• B. To store food
• C. To decompose ammonia
• D. To break down nitrites

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Green plants use nitrates in the nitrogen cycle to synthesize proteins. Nitrogen is an essential component of amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins. Plants take up nitrates from the soil through their roots and incorporate nitrogen into their proteins through the process of protein biosynthesis. This helps in their growth, development, and overall health. Choice B, 'To store food,' is incorrect because nitrates are primarily used for protein synthesis, not food storage. Choice C, 'To decompose ammonia,' is incorrect as plants do not decompose ammonia but rather utilize it through nitrification. Choice D, 'To break down nitrites,' is incorrect as plants typically convert nitrites into nitrates through a process called nitrate assimilation for protein synthesis.

5. Which of the following shows how information is transformed to make a protein?

• A. DNA-RNA-protein
• B. gene-chromosome-protein
• C. ATP-amino acid-protein
• D. RNA-DNA-protein

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct sequence of events for protein synthesis is that DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into a protein. This process is known as the central dogma of molecular biology. In this sequence, DNA serves as the template for RNA synthesis (transcription), and the RNA serves as the template for protein synthesis (translation). Choice B is incorrect as genes are segments of DNA that code for proteins, and chromosomes are structures that contain DNA. Choice C is incorrect as ATP is an energy molecule and amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, but they are not directly involved in the synthesis process. Choice D is incorrect because RNA is first transcribed from DNA and then used as a template to produce proteins.

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