Nursing Elites

1. What is the term for an organism with two different alleles for a gene?

• A. Homozygous
• B. Heterozygous
• C. Dominant
• D. Recessive

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Homozygous refers to an organism with two identical alleles for a gene, either both dominant or both recessive. Heterozygous, the correct answer, refers to an organism with two different alleles for a gene, one dominant and one recessive. Dominant and recessive describe the relationship between alleles, where dominant alleles are expressed over recessive alleles in heterozygous individuals. Therefore, the term for an organism with two different alleles for a gene is 'heterozygous.'

2. What structure in plant cells provides rigidity and support?

• A. Cell membrane
• B. Golgi apparatus
• C. Plastid
• D. Cell wall

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, the cell wall. The cell wall is the structure in plant cells that provides rigidity and support. It is a tough, rigid structure located outside the cell membrane. Composed primarily of cellulose, the cell wall offers structural support to the cell, helping it maintain its shape and protect it from damage. The other choices, such as the cell membrane (choice A), Golgi apparatus (choice B), and plastid (choice C) do not provide rigidity and support to plant cells. The cell membrane is a selectively permeable barrier, the Golgi apparatus is involved in processing and packaging proteins, and plastids are organelles responsible for functions like photosynthesis and storage, but they do not provide the structural support that the cell wall does.

3. Which of the following hormones would cause skin color to become darker?

• A. Follicle-stimulating
• B. Growth-stimulating
• C. Thyroid-stimulating
• D. Melanocyte-stimulating

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, Melanocyte-stimulating. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) stimulates melanocytes in the skin to produce more melanin, leading to darker skin pigmentation. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates follicle growth in the reproductive system, Growth-stimulating hormone is a vague term not specific to any known hormone, and Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones, not affecting skin color pigmentation.

4. What is surgically altered during a vasectomy?

• A. Vas deferens
• B. Glans penis
• C. Prostate
• D. Urethra

Correct answer: A

Rationale: During a vasectomy, the vas deferens is surgically altered or cut to prevent the transport of sperm from the testicles to the urethra. This procedure is a form of permanent male sterilization. The glans penis, prostate, and urethra are not surgically altered during a vasectomy. Therefore, the correct answer is the vas deferens (Choice A), as it is the structure specifically targeted and modified in this procedure. The glans penis (Choice B) is the sensitive tip of the penis, the prostate (Choice C) is a gland vital for semen production but not involved in a vasectomy, and the urethra (Choice D) is the tube that carries urine and semen but is not surgically altered in a vasectomy.

5. Which layer of the skin, containing connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerve endings, is located beneath the epidermis?

• A. Epidermis
• B. Dermis
• C. Hypodermis
• D. Stratum corneum

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is the dermis. The dermis is the deeper layer of the skin that contains connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerve endings. It is located beneath the epidermis and provides structural support, nourishment, and sensitivity to the skin. The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin responsible for protection. The hypodermis, also known as the subcutaneous layer, is the deepest layer that contains fat cells and plays a role in insulation and energy storage. The stratum corneum is the outermost layer of the epidermis composed of dead skin cells that are continually shed and replaced.

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