Nursing Elites

1. What is the periodic table?

• A. A table of elements that are arranged in order of increasing atomic number.
• B. A table of elements that are arranged in order of increasing atomic mass.
• C. A table of elements that are arranged in order of their reactivity.
• D. A table of elements that are arranged in order of their color.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The periodic table is a tabular arrangement of the chemical elements, organized based on their atomic number, electron configurations, and recurring chemical properties. Elements are placed in rows (periods) and columns (groups) with similar properties. The elements are listed in order of increasing atomic number, which is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. This arrangement reveals a periodic repetition of chemical properties, forming the basis of the periodic law. Choice B, which suggests arranging elements based on increasing atomic mass, is incorrect because the periodic table is primarily organized by atomic number, not atomic mass. Choices C and D are also incorrect as the periodic table is not based on reactivity or color of elements, but rather on atomic number and properties.

2. Which of the following best describes the process of osmosis?

• A. Movement of molecules against their concentration gradient
• B. Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane
• C. Movement of water and solutes together
• D. Movement of large molecules through a membrane

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. Osmosis is the process where water moves across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration. Choice A is incorrect because osmosis does not involve movement against the concentration gradient. Choice C is incorrect because osmosis primarily involves the movement of water, not water and solutes together. Choice D is incorrect as osmosis specifically refers to the movement of water molecules, not large molecules, through a membrane.

3. Which of the following are the blood vessels that transport blood away from the heart?

• A. arteries
• B. capillaries
• C. venules
• D. veins

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Arteries are blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to various parts of the body. Therefore, they are the vessels that transport blood away from the heart. Veins, on the other hand, transport blood back to the heart. Capillaries are tiny blood vessels where the exchange of nutrients and waste products occurs between blood and tissues, not vessels that transport blood to the heart. Venules are small veins that collect blood from capillaries and connect them to larger veins, rather than transport blood to the heart.

4. Which muscle causes a joint to bend?

• A. Cardiac
• B. Extension
• C. Flexor
• D. Smooth

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Flexor. A flexor muscle contracts to bend a joint, such as bending the elbow or knee. Flexor muscles are responsible for flexing or bending a joint, while extensor muscles are responsible for extending or straightening a joint. Choice A, Cardiac, is incorrect as cardiac muscle is found in the heart and is responsible for pumping blood. Choice B, Extension, is incorrect as extension refers to the straightening or extending movement of a joint, which is opposite to bending. Choice D, Smooth, is incorrect as smooth muscles are involuntary muscles found in organs like the intestines and blood vessels, not directly responsible for bending joints.

5. Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder affecting which neurotransmitter?

• A. Dopamine
• B. Acetylcholine
• C. Serotonin
• D. Glutamate

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Parkinson's disease is primarily caused by the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in coordinating movement. The reduction of dopamine levels leads to the characteristic motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease, such as tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia. Choice B, acetylcholine, is involved in functions like muscle contraction and autonomic nervous system regulation but is not primarily affected in Parkinson's disease. Serotonin (Choice C) is involved in mood regulation and sleep, not the main neurotransmitter affected in Parkinson's disease. Glutamate (Choice D) is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and is not primarily implicated in Parkinson's disease pathophysiology.

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