Nursing Elites

1. What is the difference between a homozygous recessive genotype and a homozygous dominant genotype?

• A. Both have the same phenotype, but different genotypes.
• B. Both have the same genotype, but different phenotypes.
• C. Homozygous recessive has two dominant alleles, while homozygous dominant has two recessive alleles.
• D. Homozygous recessive has two identical recessive alleles, while homozygous dominant has two identical dominant alleles.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: - Homozygous recessive genotype refers to an individual having two identical recessive alleles for a particular gene (e.g., rr for a trait where r represents the recessive allele). - Homozygous dominant genotype refers to an individual having two identical dominant alleles for a particular gene (e.g., RR for a trait where R represents the dominant allele). - The difference between the two genotypes lies in the specific alleles present in each case, with homozygous recessive having two recessive alleles and homozygous dominant having two dominant alleles. - This genetic difference results in different phenotypes being expressed, as the dominant allele typically masks the expression of the recessive allele in heterozygous individuals.

2. Which term refers to the measure of the mass of a substance per unit volume and is commonly expressed in kilograms per cubic meter?

• A. Mass
• B. Weight
• C. Density
• D. Volume

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Density is the measure of the mass of a substance per unit volume and is commonly expressed in kilograms per cubic meter. Mass refers to the amount of matter in an object, weight is the force of gravity acting on an object, and volume is the amount of space an object occupies. In this context, density is the correct term for expressing the measure of mass per unit volume, making it the most appropriate choice among the options provided.

3. Where is keratin found?

• A. It is a protein-digesting enzyme released by the stomach.
• B. It is released in the neuromuscular junction.
• C. It is a protein found in the hypodermis.
• D. It is a protein found in hair.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Keratin is a structural protein found in hair, skin, and nails, providing strength and protection. It forms the main structural component of hair, making choice D the correct answer. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because keratin is not an enzyme released by the stomach, not released in the neuromuscular junction, and not found in the hypodermis. Remember that keratin is primarily associated with structural support in epithelial cells.

4. What is the function of platelets in the blood?

• A. To transport oxygen
• B. To clot blood
• C. To fight infection
• D. To transport nutrients

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Platelets play a crucial role in clotting blood to prevent excessive bleeding when injuries occur. They are responsible for initiating the coagulation process by forming clots at the site of injury, sealing the damaged blood vessels, and preventing further blood loss. Platelets do not primarily transport oxygen, fight infection, or transport nutrients. While red blood cells are responsible for carrying oxygen, white blood cells are involved in fighting infections, and nutrients are transported by plasma, platelets' main function is related to hemostasis and wound healing.

5. How do vaccines primarily function within the body?

• A. Creating a physical barrier against pathogens
• B. Triggering an inflammatory response
• C. Developing immunological memory to a specific pathogen
• D. Activating phagocytes to engulf pathogens

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Vaccines primarily function by stimulating the immune system to develop immunological memory to a specific pathogen. When a vaccine is administered, it exposes the immune system to a harmless version of a pathogen or a piece of it. This exposure triggers the immune response, leading to the production of antibodies and memory cells specific to that pathogen. Choice A is incorrect because vaccines do not create a physical barrier; rather, they prepare the immune system to recognize and fight specific pathogens. Choice B is incorrect as vaccines do trigger an immune response, but the primary goal is to create memory rather than inflammation. Choice D is incorrect as vaccines do not directly activate phagocytes; instead, they stimulate the immune system to generate a targeted response against a particular pathogen.

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