Nursing Elites

1. What is glucagon, where is it produced, and what is its function?

• A. Produced in the liver, releases glucose
• B. Produced in the pancreas, raises blood sugar
• C. Produced in the pancreas, lowers blood sugar
• D. Produced in the adrenal glands, regulates stress response

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Glucagon is a hormone produced in the pancreas and functions to raise blood sugar levels. It does so by signaling the liver to release stored glucose into the bloodstream. Therefore, the correct answer is B, 'Produced in the pancreas, raises blood sugar.' Choices A, C, and D describe functions or locations of other hormones, not glucagon. Glucagon is specifically released by alpha cells in the pancreas, making option B the correct choice.

2. Which of the following quantities do catalysts alter to control the rate of a chemical reaction?

• A. Substrate energy
• B. Activation energy
• C. Inhibitor energy
• D. Promoter energy

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Activation energy. Catalysts function by reducing the activation energy needed for a chemical reaction to proceed. By lowering the activation energy, catalysts facilitate the reaction without being consumed themselves. Substrate energy, inhibitors, and promoters are not directly altered by catalysts in the same way activation energy is. Substrate energy refers to the energy of the reactants, which is not altered by catalysts. Inhibitors increase the activation energy required for a reaction, while promoters enhance the effectiveness of a catalyst but do not represent a quantity altered by catalysts.

3. What is the formula for calculating density?

• A. Density = Volume / Mass
• B. Density = Mass × Volume
• C. Density = Mass / Volume
• D. Density = Volume - Mass

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Density is defined as the amount of mass in a given volume. The formula for calculating density is Density = Mass / Volume. This means that you divide the mass of an object by its volume to determine its density. Therefore, the correct formula for calculating density is Density = Volume / Mass. Choice A is correct because density is calculated by dividing the volume by the mass. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they do not represent the correct relationship between mass and volume in calculating density.

4. What two factors enable some intercellular chemical signals to diffuse across cell membranes and bind to intracellular receptors?

• A. They are small and soluble.
• B. They are large and soluble.
• C. They are small and insoluble.
• D. They are large and insoluble.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: 'They are small and soluble.' Small and soluble molecules can easily pass through cell membranes and bind to intracellular receptors. Being small allows them to pass through the membrane, while being soluble enables them to dissolve in the aqueous environment inside the cell. Choice B is incorrect because large molecules typically cannot pass through the cell membrane easily. Choices C and D are incorrect because insoluble molecules would not dissolve in the aqueous environment inside the cell, hindering their ability to bind to intracellular receptors.

5. Abduction is defined as which of the following?

• A. Movement away from the midline of the body
• B. Movement that results in a decrease in the angle of a joint
• C. Movement that results in an increase in the angle of a joint
• D. Movement towards the midline of the body

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Abduction is defined as movement away from the midline of the body. This movement occurs in the coronal plane and is essential in various body functions such as raising the arms sideways. Choices B, C, and D describe movements that are different from abduction. Choice B refers to flexion, which decreases the angle of a joint. Choice C describes extension, which increases the angle of a joint. Choice D defines adduction, which involves movement towards the midline of the body. Therefore, the correct answer is choice A.

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