Nursing Elites

1. What is a contraceptive method that uses hormones to prevent ovulation?

• A. Spermicide
• B. Barrier method (condom, diaphragm)
• C. Combined oral contraceptive pill
• D. Intrauterine device (IUD)

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is the Combined oral contraceptive pill (C). This method contains hormones (estrogen and progestin) that prevent ovulation, making it an effective contraceptive. Spermicide (A) is a substance that kills sperm and does not use hormones to prevent ovulation. Barrier methods (B) like condoms and diaphragms physically block sperm but do not involve hormone-induced prevention of ovulation. Intrauterine devices (IUDs) (D) prevent pregnancy through different mechanisms, such as altering the uterine environment and preventing sperm from fertilizing the egg, not by hormone-induced prevention of ovulation.

2. Which type of cells are found in the hair bulb and are responsible for hair growth?

• A. Basal
• B. Epidermal
• C. Epithelial
• D. Merkel

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Epithelial. The hair bulb contains actively growing epithelial cells responsible for hair growth. Basal cells are located in the basal layer of the epidermis, not specifically in the hair bulb, making choice A incorrect. Epidermal cells are part of the outer layer of the skin, so choice B is incorrect. Merkel cells are related to touch sensations in the skin, not hair growth, making choice D incorrect.

3. Histamine, released during an allergic reaction, causes symptoms like:

• A. Fever and fatigue
• B. Runny nose and itchiness
• C. Muscle aches and joint pain
• D. Cough and shortness of breath

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Histamine is a chemical released by the immune system during an allergic reaction. It is responsible for causing symptoms such as a runny nose, itchiness, sneezing, and watery eyes. These symptoms are commonly seen in allergies like hay fever. Fever and fatigue (option A) are not typically caused by histamine release during an allergic reaction. Muscle aches and joint pain (option C) are not common symptoms of histamine release in allergic reactions. Cough and shortness of breath (option D) are more commonly associated with asthma or respiratory allergies rather than histamine release.

4. Which part of the brain is responsible for coordinating muscle movements, maintaining balance, and posture?

• A. Cerebrum
• B. Cerebellum
• C. Medulla oblongata
• D. Thalamus

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B, the cerebellum. The cerebellum plays a crucial role in coordinating muscle movements, maintaining balance, and posture. It receives inputs from sensory systems, the spinal cord, and other brain regions to fine-tune motor movements. The cerebrum, choice A, is primarily involved in higher brain functions like thinking and decision-making. The medulla oblongata, choice C, controls essential functions such as breathing and heart rate. The thalamus, choice D, serves as a relay center for sensory information but is not directly responsible for coordinating muscle movements, balance, or posture.

5. Which of the following structures is responsible for filtering blood in the kidneys?

• A. Ureter
• B. Glomerulus
• C. Nephron
• D. Renal artery

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Glomerulus. The glomerulus, located in the nephron of the kidney, is a network of tiny blood vessels responsible for filtering blood. It removes waste products and excess substances to form urine. The ureter carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder and is not involved in blood filtration. The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney where blood is filtered and urine is produced. The renal artery supplies blood to the kidneys but is not directly involved in the filtration process.

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