Nursing Elites

1. What is meant by the term 'goiter'?

• A. Overproduction of cortisol from the adrenal glands
• B. Excessive growth of the thyroid gland
• C. Underproduction of parathyroid hormone (PTH)
• D. Deficiency of growth hormone from the pituitary gland

Correct answer: B

Rationale: A goiter is a condition characterized by the abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland. This enlargement can be caused by various factors such as iodine deficiency, thyroid nodules, inflammation, or other thyroid disorders. It is not associated with the overproduction of cortisol (Choice A), underproduction of parathyroid hormone (Choice C), or deficiency of growth hormone (Choice D). Therefore, the correct answer is B, excessive growth of the thyroid gland.

2. In the process of osmosis, the solvent moves from an area of...

• A. Low solute concentration to high solute concentration
• B. Hotter solution to colder solution
• C. Colder solution to hotter solution
• D. High solute concentration to low solute concentration

Correct answer: D

Rationale: In the process of osmosis, solvent molecules move from an area of high solute concentration to low solute concentration. This movement occurs to equalize the solute concentrations on both sides of the semi-permeable membrane. As water tends to move towards higher solute concentrations, the solvent moves in this direction to balance the concentrations and establish equilibrium. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because osmosis involves the movement of solvent, not solute, and it moves towards the area of higher solute concentration, not lower. Therefore, the correct answer is option D.

3. Neurotransmitters send chemical messages across the gap between one neuron and another through which of the following structures?

• A. Schwann cell
• B. ganglion
• C. synapse
• D. axon

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Neurotransmitters send chemical messages across the gap between one neuron and another through a structure called the synapse. The synapse is a specialized junction where the axon of one neuron meets the dendrite or cell body of another neuron. Neurotransmitters are released from the axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron and travel across the synaptic cleft to bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, transmitting the signal between the two neurons. Choice A, Schwann cell, is incorrect as Schwann cells are responsible for producing myelin sheath around axons in the peripheral nervous system, not for transmitting neurotransmitters between neurons. Choice B, ganglion, is incorrect as ganglia are clusters of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system and do not directly participate in the transmission of chemical messages between neurons. Choice D, axon, is incorrect as the axon is a long, slender projection of a neuron that conducts electrical impulses away from the cell body and towards the axon terminals, where neurotransmitters are released into the synapse, but it is not the structure across which neurotransmitters travel to communicate between neurons.

4. Which hormone, produced by the pineal gland, plays a role in regulating sleep-wake cycles and is often associated with the body's internal circadian rhythm?

• A. Melatonin
• B. Serotonin
• C. Dopamine
• D. Endorphin

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Melatonin is the hormone produced by the pineal gland that plays a crucial role in regulating sleep-wake cycles and is associated with the body's internal circadian rhythm. Melatonin levels typically rise in the evening, signaling to the body that it is time to sleep, and decrease in the morning, helping to wake up and feel alert. Serotonin, dopamine, and endorphins are neurotransmitters that serve different functions in the body and are not primarily responsible for regulating sleep-wake cycles. Serotonin is involved in regulating mood, appetite, and sleep. Dopamine plays a role in reward-motivated behavior and motor control. Endorphins are involved in pain regulation and are often referred to as the body's natural painkillers.

5. What are enzymes?

• A. Building blocks of muscle
• B. Biological catalysts
• C. Energy source
• D. Antibodies

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Enzymes are biological catalysts, not building blocks of muscle. They speed up chemical reactions in living organisms without being consumed in the process. Enzymes are not an energy source or antibodies. They play a crucial role in various biological processes by lowering the activation energy required for a reaction to occur, thereby increasing the rate of the reaction.

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