Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following is the space between the lungs?

• A. Mediastinum
• B. Pericardial cavity
• C. Pleural cavity
• D. Thoracic space

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A, mediastinum. The mediastinum is the space between the lungs in the chest that contains the heart, major blood vessels, esophagus, trachea, and other structures. This area separates the lungs into right and left cavities. Choice B, pericardial cavity, is incorrect as it refers to the space that surrounds the heart. Choice C, pleural cavity, is not the correct answer as it is the space between the layers of the pleura surrounding each lung. Choice D, thoracic space, is a vague term and not specific to the space between the lungs.

2. Which of the following is NOT a major component of a healthy blood pressure reading?

• A. Systolic pressure (peak pressure during ventricular contraction)
• B. Diastolic pressure (pressure within arteries during ventricular relaxation)
• C. Pulse pressure (difference between systolic and diastolic pressure)
• D. Blood oxygen saturation levels. While blood oxygen levels are crucial for overall health, they are not directly reflected in a blood pressure reading.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Blood oxygen saturation levels are essential for overall health but are not directly part of a blood pressure reading. A healthy blood pressure reading consists of systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, and pulse pressure. Systolic pressure represents the peak pressure during ventricular contraction, diastolic pressure reflects the pressure within arteries during ventricular relaxation, and pulse pressure is the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure. These components collectively provide information about the pressure variations within the arteries throughout the cardiac cycle phases, contributing to the assessment of cardiovascular health. Therefore, choice D, blood oxygen saturation levels, is not a major component of a healthy blood pressure reading and is the correct answer. Choices A, B, and C are major components of a healthy blood pressure reading and directly relate to the pressure variations within the arteries during different phases of the cardiac cycle.

3. What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

• A. Breaking down and recycling cellular waste
• B. Packaging and transporting proteins and lipids
• C. Generating energy through cellular respiration
• D. Translating DNA into proteins

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The Golgi apparatus plays a crucial role in the cell by packaging and modifying proteins and lipids synthesized by the endoplasmic reticulum. These proteins and lipids are then transported to their final destinations within the cell or outside of it. The Golgi apparatus does not break down and recycle cellular waste, generate energy through cellular respiration, or translate DNA into proteins. Its primary function is related to processing and sorting molecules for cellular use.

4. Which of the following chambers of the heart receives blood returning from the lungs during pulmonary circulation?

• A. left atrium
• B. right atrium
• C. left ventricle
• D. right ventricle

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A, the left atrium. During pulmonary circulation, oxygenated blood returns from the lungs to the heart and enters the left atrium through the pulmonary veins. The left atrium then contracts, pushing this oxygen-rich blood into the left ventricle. The left ventricle subsequently pumps this oxygenated blood out to the rest of the body through the aorta. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because the right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body, the left ventricle receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium, and the right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation, respectively.

5. What is the approximate composition of blood?

• A. 45% plasma, 55% formed elements
• B. 55% plasma, 45% formed elements
• C. 55% water, 45% blood cells
• D. 45% water, 55% plasma

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Blood is composed of approximately 55% plasma (mostly water with proteins, electrolytes, and nutrients) and 45% formed elements (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets). Choice B is the correct answer. Choice A is incorrect as it reverses the percentages. Choice C is incorrect because it incorrectly states that blood cells make up 45% of blood, while they are part of the formed elements along with platelets. Choice D is incorrect as it suggests that water makes up 45% of blood, which is not accurate.

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