Nursing Elites

1. Which term best describes the gradual change in a species over time in response to environmental pressures?

• A. Punctuated equilibrium (rapid bursts of evolution)
• B. Gradualism (slow and continuous change)
• C. Founder effect (genetic drift in a small population)
• D. Adaptive radiation (rapid diversification of a species)

Correct answer: B

Rationale: A) Punctuated equilibrium refers to rapid bursts of evolution followed by long periods of stability, rather than gradual change over time in response to environmental pressures. B) Gradualism is the process by which species evolve through slow and continuous changes over time in response to environmental pressures. This gradual change can lead to the development of new traits and adaptations. C) Founder effect is a type of genetic drift that occurs when a small group of individuals establishes a new population, leading to a loss of genetic variation compared to the original population. It does not specifically describe the gradual change in a species over time. D) Adaptive radiation is the rapid diversification of a species into a variety of forms to exploit different ecological niches, but it does not specifically refer to the gradual change in response to environmental pressures. Therefore, the term that best describes the gradual change in a species over time in response to environmental pressures is 'Gradualism.'

2. What are substances that stimulate adaptive immunity called?

• A. Peptides
• B. Phagocytes
• C. Prions
• D. Platelets

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Substances that stimulate adaptive immunity are called peptides. Peptides are short chains of amino acids that play a crucial role in activating the immune response by interacting with immune cells such as T cells and B cells. Peptides are important in antigen presentation and recognition, leading to the development of specific immune responses against pathogens. Choice B, phagocytes, are cells that engulf and digest pathogens but are not substances that stimulate adaptive immunity. Choice C, prions, are infectious agents made of misfolded proteins and are not related to stimulating adaptive immunity. Choice D, platelets, are cell fragments involved in blood clotting and have no direct role in stimulating adaptive immunity.

3. Which type of orbital can hold a maximum of 10 electrons?

• A. s orbital
• B. p orbital
• C. d orbital
• D. f orbital

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is the f orbital. Each f orbital can hold up to 2 electrons. Since there are 5 f orbitals, the total maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated in f orbitals is 10 (2 electrons per orbital x 5 orbitals = 10 electrons). Therefore, the f orbital can hold a maximum of 10 electrons. Choice A, s orbital, is incorrect because it can hold a maximum of 2 electrons. Choice B, p orbital, is incorrect because it can hold a maximum of 6 electrons (3 orbitals x 2 electrons per orbital = 6 electrons). Choice C, d orbital, is incorrect as it can hold a maximum of 10 electrons (5 orbitals x 2 electrons per orbital = 10 electrons), but the question asks for the type of orbital that can hold a maximum of 10 electrons, not the total number of electrons in d orbitals.

4. Which level of protein structure is defined by the folds and coils of the protein's polypeptide backbone?

• A. Primary
• B. Secondary
• C. Tertiary
• D. Quaternary

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Secondary. The secondary structure of a protein is defined by the folds and coils of the protein's polypeptide backbone. This level of structure is characterized by the formation of alpha helices and beta sheets, which are stabilized by hydrogen bonds between amino acids along the polypeptide chain. Choice A, Primary, refers to the linear sequence of amino acids in the protein. Choice C, Tertiary, involves the 3D folding of the entire polypeptide chain. Choice D, Quaternary, pertains to the arrangement of multiple polypeptide subunits in a protein complex.

5. Which of the following joints is an example of a hinge joint?

• A. Hip joint
• B. Elbow joint
• C. Shoulder joint
• D. Knee joint

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Elbow joint. A hinge joint allows movement primarily in one plane, enabling bending and straightening actions. The elbow joint specifically functions as a hinge joint, facilitating the bending and straightening of the arm. The other options, such as the hip joint (A), shoulder joint (C), and knee joint (D), are not examples of hinge joints as they allow movement in multiple planes with more complex motions.

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