Nursing Elites

1. What is the body's primary defense against pathogens?

• A. Phagocytes
• B. Antibodies
• C. Memory B cells
• D. T lymphocytes

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Phagocytes. Phagocytes are the body's first line of defense against pathogens. They are innate immune cells that engulf and digest foreign particles like bacteria and viruses, preventing infections. Phagocytes act as the initial barrier to invading pathogens and are part of the innate immune response. Choice B, Antibodies, are produced by B cells in the adaptive immune response. Choice C, Memory B cells, are also part of the adaptive immune response and provide a faster and stronger response upon re-exposure to pathogens. Choice D, T lymphocytes, are part of the adaptive immune response, particularly involved in cell-mediated immunity.

2. What type of energy is stored in food?

• A. Mechanical energy
• B. Kinetic energy
• C. Chemical potential energy
• D. Thermal energy

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Food stores energy in the form of chemical potential energy. This energy is released during digestion and metabolism to provide the body with the energy it needs to function. It is derived from the bonds within the molecules of food, such as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. Choice A, mechanical energy, is incorrect as food does not store energy in the form of mechanical energy. Choice B, kinetic energy, is incorrect as kinetic energy is associated with the motion of objects, not stored in food. Choice D, thermal energy, is incorrect as thermal energy relates to heat energy, which is not the primary form of energy stored in food.

3. How do efferent fibers exit the spinal cord?

• A. Through the anterior aspect
• B. Through the dorsal aspect
• C. Through the ventral aspect
• D. Through the lateral aspect

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Efferent fibers, which carry motor commands, exit the spinal cord through the ventral aspect, also known as the anterior aspect. The correct answer is C, 'Through the ventral aspect.' Efferent fibers exiting through the ventral aspect are responsible for carrying motor commands from the spinal cord to the muscles and glands. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect. Efferent fibers do not exit through the dorsal, lateral, or anterior aspects of the spinal cord.

4. Which of the following describes a reflex arc?

• A. The storage and recall of memory
• B. The maintenance of visual and auditory acuity
• C. The autoregulation of heart rate and blood pressure
• D. A stimulus and response controlled by the spinal cord

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Choice D correctly describes a reflex arc. A reflex arc is a neural pathway that controls a reflex action. It involves a specific sequence of events that occur in response to a stimulus, which is rapidly and involuntarily processed by the spinal cord. The spinal cord coordinates the quick processing of sensory input and the generation of a motor response without involving the brain, allowing for rapid protective responses. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because they do not accurately describe a reflex arc. A reflex arc is specifically related to the rapid and involuntary response to a stimulus through neural pathways involving the spinal cord, not memory storage, visual and auditory acuity maintenance, or heart rate and blood pressure autoregulation.

5. Which of the following correctly identifies a difference between the primary and secondary immune response?

• A. In the secondary response, macrophages migrate to the lymph nodes to present the foreign microorganism to helper T lymphocytes.
• B. The humoral immunity that characterizes the primary response is coordinated by B lymphocytes.
• C. The primary response is quicker and more powerful than the secondary response.
• D. Suppressor T cells are activated in the secondary response to prevent an overactive immune response.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C. The primary immune response is slower and less powerful compared to the secondary immune response. During the primary response, immune cells encounter the antigen for the first time, necessitating the activation and proliferation of specific immune cells. In contrast, the secondary response benefits from memory cells that quickly recognize the antigen, enabling a faster and more potent immune response. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect. While macrophages play a role in presenting antigens to T cells, this is not a defining difference between primary and secondary responses. Humoral immunity involves B lymphocytes in both primary and secondary responses, so it does not differentiate the two. Suppressor T cells primarily function to regulate the immune response but are not a key factor distinguishing primary from secondary responses.

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