Nursing Elites

1. Imagine you have an element with atomic number 20 and mass number 40. How many neutrons does it have?

• A. 20
• B. 40
• C. 10
• D. 20

Correct answer: C

Rationale: - The atomic number (Z) represents the number of protons in an atom. In this case, the atomic number is 20. - The mass number (A) represents the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom. In this case, the mass number is 40. - To find the number of neutrons, you subtract the atomic number from the mass number: Neutrons = Mass number - Atomic number. - Neutrons = 40 - 20 = 20. - Therefore, the element with atomic number 20 and mass number 40 has 20 neutrons.

2. Which of the following statements correctly describes the function of a physiological structure?

• A. The trachea connects the throat and the stomach.
• B. The esophagus joins the larynx with the lungs.
• C. The diaphragm controls the height of the thoracic cavity.
• D. The epiglottis covers the trachea during swallowing.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The epiglottis is a flap of tissue that covers the trachea during swallowing to prevent food and liquids from entering the airway. This action helps direct food into the esophagus, ensuring proper passage into the digestive system and avoiding potential choking or aspiration into the lungs. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because the trachea connects the larynx to the bronchi, the esophagus connects the throat to the stomach, and the diaphragm is a muscle that plays a vital role in breathing by separating the thoracic and abdominal cavities, aiding in respiration.

3. If the pressure in the pulmonary artery is increased above normal, which chamber of the heart will be affected first?

• A. The right atrium
• B. The left atrium
• C. The right ventricle
• D. The left ventricle

Correct answer: C

Rationale: When the pressure in the pulmonary artery is increased above normal, the right ventricle of the heart will be affected first. The right ventricle is responsible for pumping blood into the pulmonary artery, which carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation. Increased pressure in the pulmonary artery can result in increased workload on the right ventricle as it tries to pump blood against higher resistance, leading to potential strain and dysfunction in the right ventricle. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because the right ventricle is the chamber directly connected to the pulmonary artery, and it bears the immediate impact of any changes in pressure within this artery. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body and the left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs, while the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the body and the right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

4. Which part of the brain regulates body temperature, hunger, and thirst?

• A. Cerebellum
• B. Hypothalamus
• C. Thalamus
• D. Medulla oblongata

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is the Hypothalamus. The hypothalamus is a crucial part of the brain that regulates various essential functions to maintain homeostasis. It controls body temperature, hunger, thirst, and plays a key role in the autonomic nervous system. The cerebellum is primarily involved in coordinating movement and balance, the thalamus acts as a relay station for sensory information, and the medulla oblongata is responsible for vital functions like breathing and heart rate. Therefore, choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they do not govern the specific functions mentioned in the question.

5. The Gram stain is a differential staining technique used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall composition. Gram-positive bacteria appear

• A. Pink
• B. Blue
• C. Red
• D. Purple

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The Gram stain is a differential staining technique that categorizes bacteria into two groups based on their cell wall composition: Gram-positive and Gram-negative. Gram-positive bacteria have a thick layer of peptidoglycan in their cell walls, which retains the crystal violet stain used in the Gram staining procedure. Consequently, Gram-positive bacteria appear purple under the microscope after staining. On the other hand, Gram-negative bacteria possess a thinner peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane that can be penetrated by the counterstain safranin, leading them to appear pink or red. Blue is not typically used to describe the color of bacteria in a Gram stain, making it an incorrect choice.

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