Nursing Elites

1. If the pressure in the pulmonary artery is increased above normal, which chamber of the heart will be affected first?

• A. The right atrium
• B. The left atrium
• C. The right ventricle
• D. The left ventricle

Correct answer: C

Rationale: When the pressure in the pulmonary artery is increased above normal, the right ventricle of the heart will be affected first. The right ventricle is responsible for pumping blood into the pulmonary artery, which carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation. Increased pressure in the pulmonary artery can result in increased workload on the right ventricle as it tries to pump blood against higher resistance, leading to potential strain and dysfunction in the right ventricle. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because the right ventricle is the chamber directly connected to the pulmonary artery, and it bears the immediate impact of any changes in pressure within this artery. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body and the left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs, while the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the body and the right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

2. Identify the organ responsible for blood filtration.

• A. Liver
• B. Kidneys
• C. Spleen
• D. Pancreas

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Kidneys. The kidneys are the organs responsible for blood filtration in the human body. They filter waste products and excess substances from the blood to produce urine. The liver is primarily involved in detoxification and metabolism, the spleen functions in immune responses and blood storage, and the pancreas aids in digestion and blood sugar regulation. Therefore, choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they do not primarily serve the function of blood filtration.

3. Which of the following is an example of a polymer?

• A. Methane
• B. Ethanol
• C. Polyethylene
• D. Acetic acid

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C, Polyethylene. Polyethylene is a polymer composed of a large number of repeating ethylene units linked together, forming a long-chain molecule, characteristic of polymers. Methane, ethanol, and acetic acid are small organic molecules that do not demonstrate the repeating unit structure typical of polymers. Therefore, they are not examples of polymers.

4. Which of the following structures is the natural pacemaker of the heart?

• A. Sinoatrial node
• B. Submental node
• C. Atrioventricular node
• D. Scalene node

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The sinoatrial (SA) node is often referred to as the natural pacemaker of the heart because it is a group of cells located in the right atrium responsible for initiating the electrical signals that coordinate the heart's contractions. The SA node sets the rate and rhythm of the heartbeats, making it a crucial component in the heart's function. The other options, Submental node, Atrioventricular node, and Scalene node, are not related to the regulation of the heart's electrical activity. The Submental node is a lymph node located under the chin, the Atrioventricular node is responsible for passing electrical signals from the atria to the ventricles, and the Scalene node does not exist in the context of the heart's electrical system.

5. The chemical equation below is unbalanced. When it is properly balanced, how many molecules of carbon dioxide (CO2) are produced for each molecule of propane (C3H8) in the reaction? 3C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O

• A. One Half.
• B. Two.
• C. Three.
• D. Five.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The balanced chemical equation for the combustion of propane is: 3C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O. This equation shows that for every 3 molecules of propane (C3H8) consumed, 3 molecules of carbon dioxide (CO2) are produced. Therefore, when properly balanced, 3CO2 are produced for each molecule of propane used. Thus, the correct answer is B: Two. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they do not reflect the correct stoichiometry as determined by the balanced equation.

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