Nursing Elites

1. How does the developing fetus primarily eliminate metabolic wastes?

• A. The developing fetus does not produce metabolic wastes.
• B. Fetal waste is excreted as feces, which pass into the mother's anus.
• C. Fetal waste is passed down the umbilical cord to the mother's circulatory system.
• D. Fetal waste is passed down the umbilical cord and leaves the mother's body via the vagina.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Metabolic wastes produced by the developing fetus are eliminated primarily by being passed down the umbilical cord to the mother's circulatory system. Once in the mother's blood, these wastes are then filtered and excreted by the mother's kidneys. Choice A is incorrect because the developing fetus does produce metabolic wastes. Choice B is incorrect as fetal waste does not pass into the mother's anus. Choice D is incorrect as fetal waste does not leave the mother's body via the vagina.

2. What is kwashiorkor, a protein deficiency disease, characterized by?

• A. Muscle wasting
• B. Night blindness
• C. Scurvy
• D. Rickets

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Kwashiorkor is a severe acute malnutrition condition resulting from insufficient dietary protein intake. It is characterized by symptoms such as edema, skin lesions, an enlarged liver with fatty infiltrates, and notably, muscle wasting. Muscle wasting occurs as the body breaks down muscle tissue to obtain essential amino acids for vital functions. Night blindness (option B) is associated with vitamin A deficiency, scurvy (option C) results from a lack of vitamin C, and rickets (option D) is caused by a deficiency in vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate.

3. Which valve prevents the backflow of blood into the left ventricle as it leaves through the aorta?

• A. Pulmonary semilunar valve
• B. Aortic semilunar valve
• C. Tricuspid valve
• D. Mitral valve

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The aortic semilunar valve is the correct answer as it prevents the backflow of blood into the left ventricle once it has been pumped into the aorta. The pulmonary semilunar valve prevents backflow into the right ventricle, the tricuspid valve controls blood flow between the right atrium and ventricle, and the mitral valve regulates blood flow between the left atrium and ventricle. Therefore, option B is the correct choice for this question.

4. What is the significance of a healthy gut microbiome?

• A. Production of digestive enzymes
• B. Boosting the immune system and nutrient synthesis
• C. Breakdown of complex carbohydrates
• D. Regulation of appetite

Correct answer: B

Rationale: A healthy gut microbiome plays a crucial role in boosting the immune system by defending against harmful pathogens, synthesizing essential nutrients like vitamins, aiding in the digestion of certain foods, and maintaining overall gut health. While the gut microbiome does contribute to the breakdown of complex carbohydrates and regulation of appetite, its significance extends beyond these functions to include immune support and nutrient synthesis. Choice A, production of digestive enzymes, is not the primary significance of a healthy gut microbiome. Choice C is a function related to the gut microbiome but is not the sole significance. Choice D, regulation of appetite, is important but not as central as the immune system support and nutrient synthesis provided by a healthy gut microbiome.

5. What is the initial step of the scientific method?

• A. construct a hypothesis
• B. make observations
• C. analyze data
• D. form a question

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The first step of the scientific method is to make observations. This involves collecting data and information about a specific phenomenon or problem. Observations serve as the basis for developing a question to be explored further. Forming a hypothesis (Choice A) comes after making observations, as the hypothesis is an educated guess to explain the observations. Analyzing data (Choice C) occurs later in the scientific method after data has been collected and experiments conducted. Forming a question (Choice D) is a crucial step but typically follows observations in the scientific process.

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