Nursing Elites

1. Entropy (S) is a thermodynamic property related to the system's disorder. According to the second law of thermodynamics, in a spontaneous process:

• A. The total entropy of the system and surroundings increases.
• B. The total entropy of the system and surroundings decreases.
• C. The total entropy of the system remains constant.
• D. The total entropy of the surroundings increases, while the system's entropy decreases.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The second law of thermodynamics asserts that the entropy of an isolated system (or the combined system and surroundings) will always increase in a spontaneous process, reflecting an increase in disorder. Therefore, the correct answer is that the total entropy of the system and surroundings increases. Choice B is incorrect because entropy always tends to increase in a spontaneous process, as dictated by the second law of thermodynamics. Choice C is incorrect as entropy typically increases in natural processes. Choice D is incorrect because the second law of thermodynamics states that the total entropy of the system and surroundings always increases in a spontaneous process.

2. A car, starting from rest, accelerates at 10 m/s² for 5 seconds. What is the velocity of the car after 5 seconds?

• A. 2 m/s
• B. 5 m/s
• C. 50 m/s
• D. The answer cannot be determined from the information given.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The velocity of an object can be calculated using the formula: final velocity = initial velocity + (acceleration × time). In this case, the car starts from rest, so the initial velocity is 0 m/s. Given that the acceleration is 10 m/s² and the time is 5 seconds, we can plug these values into the formula to find the final velocity: final velocity = 0 m/s + (10 m/s² × 5 s) = 0 m/s + 50 m/s = 50 m/s. Therefore, the velocity of the car after 5 seconds is 50 m/s. Choice A (2 m/s) and Choice B (5 m/s) are incorrect because they do not consider the acceleration the car undergoes over the 5 seconds, resulting in a final velocity greater than both. Choice D (The answer cannot be determined from the information given) is incorrect as the final velocity can be determined using the provided data and the kinematic equation.

3. Marilyn is driving to a wedding. She drives 4 miles south before realizing that she left the gift at home. She makes a U-turn, returns home to pick up the gift, and sets out again driving south. This time, she drives 1 mile out of her way to pick up a friend. From there, they continue 5 miles more to the wedding. Which of these statements is true about Marilyn’s trip?

• A. The displacement of her trip is 6 miles, and the distance traveled is 6 miles.
• B. The displacement of her trip is 14 miles, and the distance traveled is 14 miles.
• C. The displacement of her trip is 8 miles, and the distance traveled is 14 miles.
• D. The displacement of her trip is 6 miles, and the distance traveled is 14 miles.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Marilyn’s displacement is calculated based on her final position relative to the starting point. She drives 1 mile to pick up her friend, then 5 miles more to the wedding, totaling 6 miles after returning to her home. So, the correct displacement is 8 miles south from her starting point (4 miles to the gift + 4 miles return + 1 mile to the friend + 5 miles to the wedding). The total distance traveled is 14 miles (adding all the distances). Choice A is incorrect because it miscalculates the displacement. Choice B is incorrect as it overestimates both the displacement and distance traveled. Choice D is incorrect as it underestimates the displacement.

4. As the frequency of a sound wave increases, what else is true?

• A. Its wavelength decreases.
• B. Its wavelength increases.
• C. Its amplitude decreases.
• D. Its amplitude increases.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: 'Its wavelength decreases.' The frequency and wavelength of a sound wave are inversely proportional. As the frequency of a sound wave increases (more oscillations per second), its wavelength decreases. This relationship is described by the formula: Speed of Sound = Frequency x Wavelength. Therefore, to maintain the speed of sound constant, when the frequency increases, the wavelength must decrease. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because an increase in frequency does not lead to an increase in wavelength or changes in amplitude.

5. In hydraulic systems, Pascal's principle states that a pressure change applied to a confined incompressible fluid is:

• A. Amplified but loses energy
• B. Transmitted undiminished throughout the fluid
• C. Limited by the container size
• D. Dependent on the fluid type

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Pascal's principle states that when a pressure change is applied to a confined incompressible fluid, the resulting pressure change is transmitted undiminished throughout the fluid. This means that the pressure change will be the same at every point in the fluid, regardless of the container size or the type of fluid used. Therefore, choice B is the correct answer. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because Pascal's principle specifically emphasizes the transmission of pressure without amplification, limitation by container size, or dependence on the fluid type.

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