Nursing Elites

1. Endotoxins are toxic substances released by:

• A. Viruses
• B. Bacteria (gram-positive)
• C. Bacteria (gram-negative)
• D. Parasites

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Endotoxins are toxic substances that are part of the outer membrane of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria. These toxins are released when the bacteria are destroyed or during bacterial growth. Endotoxins can cause a variety of harmful effects in the host, including fever, inflammation, and septic shock. Viruses do not produce endotoxins; they are typically associated with producing viral proteins that can be toxic to host cells. Gram-positive bacteria produce exotoxins, which are different from endotoxins found in gram-negative bacteria. Parasites, though capable of causing diseases, are not typically associated with the production of endotoxins.

2. A patient's body is not properly filtering blood. Which of the following body parts is most likely malfunctioning?

• A. Medulla
• B. Heart
• C. Nephrons
• D. Renal cortex

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Nephrons are the functional units of the kidneys responsible for filtering blood and removing waste products to form urine. If a patient's body is not properly filtering blood, it is most likely due to dysfunction or impairment in the nephrons of the kidneys. The heart is responsible for pumping blood, not filtering it, making choice B incorrect. The medulla and renal cortex are specific parts of the kidney but do not directly perform the filtration function carried out by the nephrons, making choices A and D incorrect.

3. What is the muscular tube that connects the outer surface to the cervix in a woman's birth canal referred to as?

• A. The uterus
• B. The cervix
• C. The vagina
• D. The ovaries

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C, 'The vagina.' The muscular tube that connects the outer surface to the cervix in a woman's birth canal is called the vagina. The vagina serves as the passageway for menstrual flow, sexual intercourse, and childbirth. The cervix, not the uterus, connects the vagina to the uterus. The ovaries, on the other hand, are the organs responsible for producing eggs and female hormones, but they are not the muscular tube connecting the outer surface to the cervix in the birth canal.

4. A person wakes up with a fever. The body begins its response to locate the origin of the problem and fix it. What type of feedback mechanism is this?

• A. Equal
• B. Negative
• C. Neutral
• D. Positive

Correct answer: B

Rationale: This scenario describes a negative feedback mechanism. When the body detects a fever, it initiates responses to lower the temperature back to normal levels. Negative feedback mechanisms work to counteract changes and maintain homeostasis in the body. Choice A ('Equal') is incorrect as feedback mechanisms aim to restore balance, not maintain an equal state. Choice C ('Neutral') is incorrect as it does not describe the corrective nature of negative feedback. Choice D ('Positive') is incorrect as it would amplify the fever rather than regulate it.

5. Which organ in the body is responsible for maintaining electrolyte balance and filtering waste from the blood?

• A. Liver
• B. Kidneys
• C. Heart
• D. Lungs

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Kidneys. The kidneys are responsible for filtering waste from the blood and maintaining electrolyte balance. They help regulate the body's fluid levels and produce urine as a means of waste elimination. The liver primarily plays a role in detoxification and metabolism, not in maintaining electrolyte balance or filtering waste from the blood. The heart is responsible for pumping blood, not for electrolyte balance or waste filtration. The lungs are primarily involved in gas exchange, not in maintaining electrolyte balance or filtering waste from the blood.

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