Nursing Elites

1. What defines the systole phase in the cardiac cycle?

• A. Relaxation of the heart
• B. Contraction of the heart
• C. Diastole of the heart
• D. Pulse rate of the heart

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Contraction of the heart. Systole is the phase of the cardiac cycle during which the heart muscle contracts, pumping blood out of the chambers. It is essential for maintaining circulation and delivering oxygen and nutrients to the body's tissues. Diastole (choice C) is the relaxation phase of the heart when the chambers fill with blood. Pulse rate (choice D) is the number of heartbeats per minute, not specifically related to the systole phase. Choice A, 'Relaxation of the heart,' is incorrect because systole refers to the contraction phase of the cardiac cycle, not relaxation.

2. Which type of cell secretes antibodies?

• A. Bacterial cells
• B. Viral cells
• C. Lymph cells
• D. Plasma cells

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Plasma cells. Plasma cells are a type of white blood cell that secretes antibodies. Antibodies are essential components of the immune system, as they help in identifying and neutralizing pathogens. Choice A, B, and C are incorrect as bacterial cells and viral cells do not secrete antibodies, and lymph cells are involved in the immune response but do not secrete antibodies like plasma cells.

3. How do vaccines stimulate the immune system to develop memory without causing full-blown illness? What type of molecule in a vaccine typically triggers the immune response?

• A. Toxins produced by the pathogen
• B. Live, attenuated (weakened) forms of the pathogen
• C. Inactivated (dead) forms of the pathogen
• D. Antigens (specific molecules) from the pathogen

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Vaccines work by triggering the immune system to develop memory without causing illness. They typically contain antigens, which are specific molecules from the pathogen. These antigens stimulate the immune system to produce a targeted immune response without causing full-blown sickness. By presenting these antigens, vaccines help the immune system create memory cells that remember the pathogen. This memory allows the immune system to respond more effectively if it encounters the pathogen in the future. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because vaccines do not typically contain toxins, live pathogens, or inactivated forms of the pathogen. Instead, vaccines primarily rely on specific molecules (antigens) to induce an immune response.

4. Which of the following areas has the least amount of sweat glands?

• A. Back
• B. Palms
• C. Axilla
• D. Forehead

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B - Palms. The palms have the least amount of sweat glands compared to the other options listed. The back, axilla (armpits), and forehead are all areas with a higher concentration of sweat glands in the body. The palms have fewer sweat glands to minimize water loss and maintain a better grip for activities requiring precise and controlled movement. The back, axilla, and forehead have more sweat glands to assist in thermoregulation and cooling of the body, while the palms have fewer sweat glands for functional reasons related to grip and dexterity.

5. Which vitamin deficiency can lead to kidney stones?

• A. Vitamin A
• B. Vitamin B12
• C. Vitamin D
• D. Vitamin K

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is Vitamin D. Vitamin D deficiency can lead to kidney stones because Vitamin D helps regulate calcium levels in the body. Low levels of Vitamin D can result in increased calcium absorption from the intestines, leading to higher levels of calcium in the urine, which can form kidney stones. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect as deficiencies in these vitamins are not directly associated with kidney stone formation.

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