Nursing Elites

1. What causes dandruff?

• A. Excessive sebum production (This can contribute to oily dandruff)
• B. Bacterial infection (This can cause scalp folliculitis, not dandruff)
• C. Overgrowth of a specific type of fungus on the scalp
• D. Lack of proper skin hydration

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Dandruff is primarily caused by an overgrowth of a specific type of fungus called Malassezia on the scalp. This fungus feeds on the natural oils produced by the hair follicles, leading to irritation and flaking of the scalp skin. Choice A is incorrect because excessive sebum production can contribute to oily dandruff, but it is not the primary cause of dandruff. Choice B is incorrect as bacterial infection primarily causes scalp folliculitis, not dandruff. Choice D is incorrect as dandruff is not primarily caused by a lack of proper skin hydration.

2. Which hormone is responsible for regulating the body's metabolism?

• A. Insulin
• B. Thyroxine
• C. Melatonin
• D. Adrenaline

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Thyroxine, also known as T4, is produced by the thyroid gland and plays a vital role in regulating the body's metabolism. Insulin is not responsible for regulating metabolism; instead, it helps regulate blood sugar levels. Melatonin is involved in regulating sleep-wake cycles, not metabolism. Adrenaline, also known as epinephrine, is a stress hormone that prepares the body for fight or flight responses, not primarily involved in metabolic regulation.

3. Mesosomes are the internal extensions of which of the following?

• A. Capsule
• B. Cell membranes
• C. Cell wall
• D. Chromatin body

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Mesosomes are the internal extensions of the cell membrane, not the capsule, cell wall, or chromatin body. They play a crucial role in cell division and are essential for various cellular processes such as respiration and cell wall formation. Mesosomes are not associated with the capsule (choice A), cell wall (choice C), or chromatin body (choice D), making these options incorrect.

4. Which of the following is an example of a tissue?

• A. chloroplasts
• B. liver
• C. mammal
• D. hamstring

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is 'B: liver.' The liver is an example of a tissue. Tissues are groups of cells that work together to perform specific functions in the body. The liver is made up of different types of cells that work together to carry out various essential functions, such as detoxification, metabolism, and storage of nutrients. Option A (chloroplasts) refers to organelles, not tissues. Option D (hamstring) is a muscle, not a tissue. Option C (mammal) represents a higher level of organization than tissues, as it refers to a classification of organisms, not a specific tissue type.

5. Which brain area can lead to difficulty with language and speech if damaged?

• A. Broca's area
• B. Wernicke's area
• C. Occipital lobe
• D. Cerebellum

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Damage to Broca's area, located in the frontal lobe of the brain, can result in difficulties with language and speech production. Broca's area is responsible for speech production and coordinating the muscles involved in speech. Damage to this area can lead to Broca's aphasia, characterized by struggles in forming words and sentences. On the other hand, damage to Wernicke's area in the temporal lobe can cause issues with language comprehension and producing meaningful language, leading to Wernicke's aphasia. The occipital lobe primarily processes visual information, while the cerebellum is responsible for coordinating movement and balance, not language and speech.

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