Nursing Elites

1. What does cytokinesis refer to?

• A. Division of the nucleus
• B. Division of the cytoplasm
• C. Separation of chromosomes
• D. Formation of spindle fibers

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Cytokinesis refers to the division of the cytoplasm of a parental cell between two daughter cells during cell division. It ensures that each daughter cell receives its share of organelles and cytoplasmic components necessary for cellular functions. Choice A, division of the nucleus, is incorrect as this process is known as mitosis. Choice C, separation of chromosomes, is incorrect as it refers to the process of chromatid separation during mitosis. Choice D, formation of spindle fibers, is incorrect as spindle fibers are involved in mitosis to separate chromosomes, not in cytokinesis.

2. Which of the following statements is FALSE?

• A. An organelle is a specialized structure in a cell, such as a ribosome.
• B. An organ is made up of different types of tissues that work together to perform specific functions.
• C. Organ systems are two or more organs performing similar functions.
• D. A tissue contains a variety of cells that work together to perform a specific function.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The statement provided in Option B is FALSE. Organs are actually made up of different types of tissues that work together to perform specific functions, rather than being composed of similar tissues. Organs consist of various tissues, each with their own specialized functions that collectively contribute to the overall function of the organ. Options A, C, and D are true statements. Option A correctly defines an organelle as a specialized structure in a cell, like a ribosome. Option C accurately describes organ systems as multiple organs working together to perform related functions. Option D correctly explains that a tissue is composed of different cells working together to carry out a specific function.

3. When a patient is lying flat on their back, which of the following positions are they in?

• A. Prone.
• B. Supine.
• C. Lateral.
• D. Medial.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: When a patient is lying flat on their back, they are in the supine position. In the supine position, the person's face is facing upward, and their back is touching the surface they are lying on. This position is commonly used for medical examinations and procedures. Choice A, 'Prone,' refers to lying face down, not on the back. Choice C, 'Lateral,' indicates lying on the side. Choice D, 'Medial,' pertains to the middle or center, not a position in relation to lying on the back.

4. Which term describes the ability of a muscle to return to its original length and shape after being stretched or contracted?

• A. Contractility
• B. Elasticity
• C. Extensibility
• D. Excitability

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Elasticity is the correct term that describes the ability of a muscle to return to its original length and shape after being stretched or contracted. Contractility refers to the ability of a muscle to contract or shorten. Extensibility is the ability of a muscle to be stretched. Excitability is the ability of a muscle to receive and respond to stimuli. Therefore, the correct answer is 'Elasticity' as it specifically relates to the muscle's ability to regain its original form.

5. What does the phrase 'survival of the fittest' refer to?

• A. Organisms with the most complex anatomical structures are more likely to survive and reproduce.
• B. Organisms that demonstrate the best adaptations to their environment have a higher chance of survival and reproduction.
• C. All organisms have an equal probability of survival and reproductive success regardless of their traits.
• D. Only the strongest and most aggressive individuals within a population will survive and reproduce.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The phrase 'survival of the fittest' is often associated with the concept of natural selection, proposed by Charles Darwin. Natural selection is the process by which organisms best adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on their advantageous traits to the next generation. This process does not necessarily favor the most complex anatomical structures (option A) or the strongest and most aggressive individuals (option D). Instead, it emphasizes the importance of adaptations that enhance an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in a specific environment. Option C is incorrect because natural selection results in differential reproductive success based on an organism's traits, meaning that not all organisms have an equal probability of survival and reproductive success.

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