Nursing Elites

1. In a study evaluating which type of road salt deices a road most quickly, what is the independent variable?

• A. Deicing time period
• B. Road used for deicing
• C. Type of road salt used
• D. Amount of road salt used

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C, 'Type of road salt used.' In an experiment, the independent variable is the one manipulated by the researcher to observe its impact on the dependent variable. In this study, the researchers are altering the type of road salt used to determine its influence on the deicing speed, thus making it the independent variable. The other choices are not the independent variable as they are not deliberately manipulated in the experiment: A - 'Deicing time period' is an outcome measure dependent on the type of salt used; B - 'Road used for deicing' is not controlled or manipulated; D - 'Amount of road salt used' would be a potential confounding variable rather than the independent variable as it could affect the outcome along with the type of salt.

2. Which of the following cell organelles is the site of lipid synthesis?

• A. smooth endoplasmic reticulum
• B. ribosome
• C. rough endoplasmic reticulum
• D. Golgi apparatus

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. This organelle lacks ribosomes on its surface, unlike the rough endoplasmic reticulum, which is involved in protein synthesis. The enzymes present in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum are responsible for synthesizing lipids such as phospholipids and steroids. Choice B, ribosomes, are responsible for protein synthesis and not lipid synthesis. Choice C, rough endoplasmic reticulum, is involved in protein synthesis due to the presence of ribosomes. Choice D, Golgi apparatus, is responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins for secretion, not lipid synthesis.

3. What are the constituents of an atomic nucleus?

• A. Electrons and protons only
• B. Protons and neutrons only
• C. Electrons, protons, and neutrons
• D. None of the above

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Protons and neutrons only. Electrons are located outside the nucleus in electron shells. Protons and neutrons are the subatomic particles found within the nucleus of an atom. Protons carry a positive charge, while neutrons are neutral. These particles contribute to the mass and stability of the nucleus. Choice A is incorrect because electrons are not part of the nucleus. Choice C is incorrect as electrons are not found within the nucleus, only protons and neutrons. Choice D is incorrect as protons and neutrons are indeed constituents of an atomic nucleus.

4. According to the wave theory of light, the bright fringes observed in a double-slit experiment correspond to:

• A. Constructive interference
• B. Destructive interference
• C. Increased diffraction
• D. Total internal reflection

Correct answer: A

Rationale: In a double-slit experiment based on the wave theory of light, the bright fringes are the result of constructive interference. Constructive interference occurs when light waves from the two slits arrive at a point in phase, reinforcing each other and creating a bright fringe. This reinforcement leads to the constructive addition of the wave amplitudes, resulting in a bright spot on the screen. Destructive interference, which would result in dark fringes, occurs when waves are out of phase and cancel each other out. Increased diffraction and total internal reflection are not related to the formation of bright fringes in a double-slit experiment. Therefore, the correct answer is constructive interference.

5. What is the cycle of infection?

• A. Reservoir host, means of exit, means of transmission, means of entrance, susceptible host
• B. Entry point, transmission, replication, exit, susceptible host
• C. Susceptible host, replication, transmission, entry, exit
• D. Transmission, replication, entry, exit, susceptible host

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: 'Reservoir host, means of exit, means of transmission, means of entrance, susceptible host.' This cycle of infection involves the pathogen starting in a reservoir host, exiting through a means, being transmitted to another host, entering the new host through a means, and ultimately infecting the susceptible host. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they do not follow the correct sequence of events in the cycle of infection.

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