Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following is the smallest part of an element that can still be recognized as that element?

• A. Electron
• B. Proton
• C. Neutron
• D. Atom

Correct answer: D

Rationale: An atom is the smallest unit of matter that retains the chemical properties of an element. It consists of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons that orbit the nucleus. The number of protons in the nucleus defines the atomic number of the element, and the number of neutrons determines the isotope of the element. While electrons, protons, and neutrons are fundamental particles, an atom as a whole is the smallest part of an element that maintains its unique identity. Electrons are negatively charged particles orbiting the nucleus, protons are positively charged particles in the nucleus, and neutrons are neutral particles in the nucleus. Therefore, the correct answer is 'D: Atom.'

2. In the K-capture process, a type of electron capture, from which electron shell does the electron get captured?

• A. The outermost s-orbital
• B. An inner p-orbital
• C. An inner d-orbital
• D. Any available electron shell

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The K-capture process involves the capture of an electron from the innermost electron shell, known as the K-shell. The K-shell comprises s and p orbitals. During the K-capture process, an electron is specifically captured from an inner p-orbital within the K-shell. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because K-capture involves capturing an electron from the innermost shell (K-shell) which consists of s and p orbitals, not the outermost s-orbital, inner d-orbital, or any available electron shell.

3. Which of the following stimulates adaptive immunity?

• A. Peptides
• B. Phagocytes
• C. Prions
• D. Platelets

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Prions. Prions are infectious proteins that can stimulate an adaptive immune response by triggering the production of specific antibodies. Peptides are fragments of proteins and can be processed and presented by antigen-presenting cells to activate T cells, which play a role in adaptive immunity. Phagocytes, such as macrophages, are part of the innate immune system and are involved in engulfing and destroying pathogens, but they do not directly stimulate adaptive immunity. Platelets are primarily involved in blood clotting and are not directly related to stimulating adaptive immunity.

4. Which of the following describes a vector quantity?

• A. Speed
• B. Distance
• C. Mass
• D. Velocity

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Velocity is a vector quantity as it encompasses both magnitude (speed) and direction. When describing the motion of an object, it is crucial to consider both aspects. Speed (option A) is a scalar quantity, representing only the magnitude of motion without indicating direction. Distance (option B) is also a scalar quantity, indicating the extent of an object's motion without considering direction. Mass (option C) is a scalar quantity, measuring the amount of matter in an object and not involving direction.

5. Which of the following can weaken the immune system and increase susceptibility to infections?

• A. Regular exercise
• B. Balanced diet
• C. Chronic stress
• D. Adequate sleep

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Chronic stress can weaken the immune system by increasing the production of stress hormones like cortisol, which can suppress the immune response. This suppression can make individuals more susceptible to infections and illnesses. Conversely, regular exercise, a balanced diet, and adequate sleep actually support a healthy immune system and help strengthen it. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect as they are factors that generally contribute positively to the immune system. Regular exercise, a balanced diet, and adequate sleep are crucial for maintaining overall health and boosting the immune system rather than weakening it.

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