Nursing Elites

1. What is the main function of the lungs?

• A. To transport oxygen and nutrients throughout the body
• B. To coordinate movement and sensory information
• C. To filter waste products from the blood
• D. To exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body and the environment

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The main function of the lungs is to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body and the environment. This process occurs through the alveoli in the lungs where oxygen from inhaled air enters the bloodstream, and carbon dioxide is removed from the bloodstream and exhaled. Option A is incorrect as the transportation of oxygen and nutrients throughout the body is primarily carried out by the circulatory system, not the lungs. Option B is incorrect as coordinating movement and sensory information is a function of the nervous system, not the lungs. Option C is incorrect as filtering waste products from the blood is primarily the role of the kidneys, not the lungs. Therefore, the correct answer is D.

2. What is the name for the change in enthalpy (heat) associated with a chemical reaction at constant pressure?

• A. Entropy
• B. Enthalpy
• C. Gibbs free energy
• D. Heat of reaction

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, Heat of reaction. The heat of reaction, also known as the enthalpy change, is the amount of heat absorbed or released during a chemical reaction at constant pressure. Entropy (A) is a measure of the disorder or randomness of a system and is not specifically related to heat changes in a chemical reaction. Enthalpy (B) is the total heat content of a system and not just the change associated with a reaction. Gibbs free energy (C) is a measure of the energy available to do work in a system at constant temperature and pressure, but it is not the specific term for the heat change in a chemical reaction.

3. Dendrites are finger-like extensions found on

• A. Muscle cells
• B. Connective tissue cells
• C. Neurons
• D. Epithelial cells

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Dendrites are the branched extensions of neurons that receive signals from other neurons and transmit those signals to the cell body. They play a crucial role in the communication process within the nervous system, allowing neurons to communicate with each other and integrate incoming signals to generate responses. The other choices are incorrect because dendrites specifically belong to neurons, not muscle cells, connective tissue cells, or epithelial cells.

4. Which of the following is a constant?

• A. The number of protons in an oxygen atom
• B. The temperature at which iron ore will melt
• C. The human population size
• D. The time the sun rises each day

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The number of protons in an oxygen atom is a constant. This value is determined by the atomic number of the element and does not change regardless of the isotope of oxygen. The number of protons defines the element and remains consistent under normal conditions. Choices B, C, and D are not constants. The temperature at which iron ore will melt can vary depending on factors like pressure, the human population size is constantly changing, and the time the sun rises each day varies with the seasons and location.

5. Which part of the brain is responsible for voluntary muscle movements?

• A. Medulla oblongata
• B. Cerebrum
• C. Hypothalamus
• D. Thalamus

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The question inquires about the brain region responsible for voluntary muscle movements. The correct answer is the Cerebrum. The cerebrum is the main part of the brain involved in voluntary muscle control and motor coordination. The Medulla oblongata is primarily responsible for regulating vital functions like breathing and heart rate, not voluntary muscle movements. The Hypothalamus plays a role in regulating body temperature, thirst, hunger, and other homeostatic processes. The Thalamus serves as a relay station for sensory information but is not directly responsible for voluntary muscle movements.

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