Nursing Elites

1. What is the process of breaking down fatty acids into acetyl-CoA, a key molecule in cellular respiration, called?

• A. Beta-oxidation
• B. Lipolysis
• C. Carbohydrate catabolism
• D. Nucleic acid catabolism

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Beta-oxidation is the correct term for the process of breaking down fatty acids into acetyl-CoA molecules. This essential process takes place in the mitochondria and is a pivotal step in fatty acid metabolism for energy production. Lipolysis, however, refers to the breakdown of fats into fatty acids and glycerol but does not specifically involve the conversion of fatty acids into acetyl-CoA. Carbohydrate catabolism focuses on breaking down carbohydrates into glucose for energy production and is not directly linked to the conversion of fatty acids into acetyl-CoA. Nucleic acid catabolism involves the breakdown of nucleic acids into nucleotides and is not associated with the conversion of fatty acids into acetyl-CoA.

2. What effect does doubling the net force applied to an object have on its acceleration, assuming mass remains constant?

• A. Acceleration doubles
• B. Acceleration is halved
• C. Acceleration remains the same
• D. Acceleration quadruples

Correct answer: A

Rationale: According to Newton's second law of motion, acceleration is directly proportional to the net force applied to an object when mass is constant. Therefore, if the net force is doubled, the acceleration of the object will also double. This relationship is expressed by the formula F=ma, where F is the net force, m is the mass, and a is the acceleration. When mass is constant, doubling the force applied will result in a proportional doubling of acceleration. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because doubling the net force does not halve, maintain, or quadruple the acceleration; it directly and proportionally increases the acceleration.

3. Mesosomes are the internal extensions of which of the following?

• A. Capsule
• B. Cell membranes
• C. Cell wall
• D. Chromatin body

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Mesosomes are the internal extensions of the cell membrane, not the capsule, cell wall, or chromatin body. They play a crucial role in cell division and are essential for various cellular processes such as respiration and cell wall formation. Mesosomes are not associated with the capsule (choice A), cell wall (choice C), or chromatin body (choice D), making these options incorrect.

4. What is the scientific term for the study of genes and their role in disease?

• A. Molecular biology
• B. Biochemistry
• C. Evolutionary biology
• D. Genomic medicine

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Genomic medicine is the scientific discipline that specifically focuses on the study of genes and their involvement in disease processes. It seeks to understand how variations in an individual's genes can influence their predisposition to certain diseases or affect their response to treatment. This field plays a crucial role in personalized medicine by utilizing genetic information to tailor healthcare decisions and interventions to individual patients. Molecular biology, biochemistry, and evolutionary biology, while related to genetics in various ways, do not have the primary focus on the role of genes in disease as genomic medicine does.

5. When a blockage forms in a coronary artery, reducing blood flow to the heart muscle, this condition is called:

• A. Atherosclerosis
• B. Myocardial infarction
• C. Angina pectoris
• D. Heart murmur

Correct answer: B

Rationale: A myocardial infarction, commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when a blockage forms in a coronary artery, leading to reduced blood flow to the heart muscle. Atherosclerosis refers to the buildup of plaque in the arteries, which can lead to blockages but is not the name for this specific condition. Angina pectoris is chest pain or discomfort due to inadequate blood supply to the heart muscle, which is a precursor to a heart attack but not the name for this condition. A heart murmur is an abnormal sound heard during a heartbeat, often due to turbulent blood flow, and is not related to a blockage in a coronary artery.

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