Nursing Elites

1. What is the smallest bone in the human body?

• A. Stapes (Middle ear bone)
• B. Patella (Kneecap)
• C. Phalanges (Finger bones)
• D. Ribs

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Stapes (Middle ear bone). The stapes, located in the middle ear, is indeed the smallest bone in the human body. Despite its small size, the stapes is vital for hearing as it transmits and amplifies sound vibrations, contributing significantly to auditory perception. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect. The patella (kneecap) is the largest sesamoid bone in the human body, not the smallest bone. Phalanges are the bones in fingers and toes, not the smallest bone overall. Ribs are long bones that protect the chest cavity, not the smallest bone in the body.

2. What is the waste product of protein digestion?

• A. Glucose
• B. Amino acids
• C. Fatty acids
• D. Ammonia

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The waste product of protein digestion is ammonia. Protein digestion breaks down proteins into amino acids, and during this process, ammonia is produced. Ammonia is toxic and needs to be converted into urea in the liver for excretion via urine. Glucose is a product of carbohydrate digestion, amino acids are building blocks of proteins, and fatty acids are the end products of fat digestion. Therefore, the correct answer is ammonia.

3. Which of the following types of muscle tissue is found attached to bones and allows for voluntary movement?

• A. Smooth muscle
• B. Cardiac muscle
• C. Skeletal muscle
• D. Connective tissue

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscle is attached to bones and allows for voluntary movement, such as walking, running, and lifting objects. Smooth muscle, found in the walls of internal organs and blood vessels, is responsible for involuntary movements. Cardiac muscle is specific to the heart and controls involuntary contraction. Connective tissue, on the other hand, provides support and connects different structures in the body, but it is not responsible for voluntary movement like skeletal muscle.

4. What is the difference between mass and weight?

• A. Mass is the amount of matter in an object, whereas weight is the force of gravity acting on an object.
• B. Mass is a measure of inertia, whereas weight is a measure of the force of gravity acting on an object.
• C. Mass is measured in pounds, whereas weight is measured in kilograms.
• D. Mass is a vector quantity, whereas weight is a scalar quantity.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Mass is the amount of matter in an object and is a scalar quantity, whereas weight is the force of gravity acting on an object and is a vector quantity. Mass remains constant regardless of the location, while weight can vary depending on the strength of gravity at different locations. Answer choice A correctly defines the difference between mass and weight, making it the correct answer. Choice B is incorrect because mass is not a measure of inertia. Choice C is incorrect as mass is typically measured in kilograms, not pounds. Choice D is incorrect as mass is a scalar quantity, and weight is a vector quantity.

5. T cells in the immune system can be categorized into different types. What type of T cell directly kills infected body cells?

• A. Helper T cells
• B. Cytotoxic T cells
• C. Regulatory T cells
• D. Memory T cells

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Cytotoxic T cells directly kill infected body cells by recognizing specific antigens on the surface of infected cells and releasing cytotoxic substances to induce cell death, eliminating the infected cells. Helper T cells assist in coordinating the immune response, regulatory T cells help maintain immune tolerance, and memory T cells mount a faster and stronger response upon re-exposure to a previously encountered antigen. Therefore, the correct answer is cytotoxic T cells as they play a crucial role in directly targeting and destroying infected cells.

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