Nursing Elites

1. Cells that line the inner or outer surfaces of organs or body cavities are often linked together by intimate physical connections. These connections are referred to as ______.

• A. Separate desmosomes
• B. Ronofilaments
• C. Tight junctions
• D. Fascia adherens

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Tight junctions. Tight junctions, also known as zonula occludens, are the intimate physical connections between cells that line the inner or outer surfaces of organs or body cavities. These junctions form a virtually impermeable barrier to fluid, creating a tight seal between the cells. This helps in maintaining the integrity and function of the tissue as well as regulating the movement of substances across the cell layer. Choice A, Separate desmosomes, are cell structures that provide strong adhesion between cells but do not create a barrier to fluid. Choice B, Ronofilaments, is not a term used to describe the connections between cells. Choice D, Fascia adherens, are another type of cell junction involved in cell adhesion, but they are different from tight junctions in terms of their structure and function.

2. What type of tissue is fat?

• A. Connective
• B. Muscle
• C. Nervous
• D. Epithelial

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Fat is a type of loose connective tissue known as adipose tissue. Adipose tissue primarily functions to store energy and provide cushioning and insulation for organs. While muscle tissue is responsible for movement, nervous tissue transmits nerve impulses, and epithelial tissue covers and protects body surfaces, fat specifically falls under the category of connective tissue.

3. What type of cells are involved in meiosis (sex cells)?

• A. Somatic Cells
• B. Gametes
• C. Zygote
• D. Diploid Cells

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B, Gametes. Gametes are the specialized sex cells involved in meiosis, such as sperm and eggs. Somatic cells (A) are non-reproductive cells found in the body, not involved in meiosis. Zygote (C) is the result of fertilization, formed when gametes unite. Diploid cells (D) have two sets of chromosomes, but in meiosis, gametes are produced through a process of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half to haploid.

4. How many chromosomes do sperm and egg produce in meiosis?

• A. 23
• B. 46
• C. 25
• D. 50

Correct answer: A

Rationale: During meiosis, sperm and egg cells produce half the number of chromosomes found in somatic cells. Each contributes 23 chromosomes, which combine to form a zygote with a total of 46 chromosomes. Choice B (46) is incorrect because this is the number of chromosomes produced in mitosis, not meiosis. Choices C (25) and D (50) are also incorrect as they do not align with the chromosome count in sex cells during meiosis.

5. How should a researcher test the hypothesis that radiation from cell phones is significant enough to raise the temperature of water in a test tube?

• A. Dial a cell phone that rests beside a test tube of water, let it ring for two minutes, and record the temperature of the water before and after the two-minute interval.
• B. Dial a cell phone that rests beside a test tube of water; let it ring for two, three, and four minutes; and record the temperature of the water before and after each interval.
• C. Use three different brands of cell phone; dial each as it rests beside its own test tube of water, let it ring for two minutes, and record the temperature of the water before and after the two-minute interval.
• D. Use three different brands of cell phone, dial each and let one ring for two minutes, one for three minutes, and one for four minutes; record the temperature of the water before and after each interval.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: To test the hypothesis that radiation from cell phones raises the temperature of water in a test tube, the most appropriate method is to dial a cell phone next to a test tube of water, let it ring for a consistent two-minute interval, and record the temperature before and after. Choice A is correct because it provides a controlled approach to isolate the impact of the phone's radiation on the water temperature. Choices B, C, and D introduce additional variables that could confound the results. Choice B varies the duration of exposure, making it difficult to attribute temperature changes specifically to the radiation. Choice C introduces the factor of different cell phone brands, which could introduce variability not related to radiation. Choice D also varies exposure times and introduces the factor of multiple phone brands, making it harder to determine the direct impact of cell phone radiation on water temperature. Therefore, choice A is the most suitable option for this experiment.

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