Free Anatomy and Physiology practice for Anatomy and Physiology Version 2 (HESI A2). Answer 24 nursing exam-style questions with rationales, exam mode, and prog
Which structure is located on the sternum?
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Explanation:
The xiphoid process is the structure located at the bottom of the sternum. It is a small cartilaginous process that ossifies with age. The sesamoid bone is a small bone embedded within a tendon, not typically found on the sternum. The hyoid bone is a U-shaped bone located in the neck, not on the sternum. 'Ossified' refers to a structure that has become hardened like bone, but it is not a specific structure located on the sternum.
Which type of cholesterol is considered the healthiest?
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Explanation:
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is considered the healthiest type of cholesterol because it helps remove LDL cholesterol from the arteries, reducing the risk of heart disease. HDL acts as a scavenger, picking up excess cholesterol in the blood and transporting it back to the liver for removal from the body. This is why HDL is often referred to as 'good' cholesterol, emphasizing its protective role in cardiovascular health.
To where are all the nutrients that enter the hepatic portal vein routed for decontamination?
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Explanation:
When nutrients are absorbed from the digestive tract, they enter the hepatic portal vein and are transported directly to the liver. The liver acts as a filter, processing and detoxifying these nutrients before they are further distributed to the rest of the body. Therefore, the correct answer is the liver, which plays a crucial role in detoxifying substances that enter the body through the digestive system.
Which of the following hormones are tropic hormones? (Select one that doesn't apply.)
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Explanation:
Tropic hormones are hormones that stimulate the release of other hormones from target endocrine glands. Somatotropin (A) is growth hormone from the anterior pituitary that acts directly on tissues. Follicle-stimulating hormone (B) and Thyroid-stimulating hormone (D) are tropic hormones that act on the gonads and thyroid gland, respectively, to stimulate the production of other hormones. Antidiuretic hormone (C) is not a tropic hormone; it regulates water balance by acting on the kidneys to reduce water excretion.
Which structure is located on the sternum?
Select the best answer.
Explanation:
The correct answer is the Xiphoid bone. The xiphoid process is a small cartilaginous extension at the lower end of the sternum. The Sesamoid bone is a small bone embedded within a tendon, typically found in joints. The Hyoid bone is a U-shaped bone in the neck that does not articulate with any other bone. 'Ossified' means turned into bone or hardened, but it does not specifically refer to a structure located on the sternum.
Which type of tissue is characterized by cells found on the internal surface of the stomach, no extracellular matrix, tall and thin cells, and the absence of blood vessels?
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Explanation:
The tissue described in the question, where cells are found on the internal surface of the stomach, are tall and thin, lack an extracellular matrix, and do not contain blood vessels, corresponds to epithelial tissue. Epithelial tissue functions to protect, absorb, and secrete, making it well-suited for lining surfaces and forming barriers in the body.
Which type of cholesterol is considered to be the healthiest?
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Explanation:
High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol is considered the healthiest type of cholesterol because it helps remove LDL cholesterol from the arteries, reducing the risk of heart disease. HDL acts as a scavenger, carrying cholesterol away from the arteries to the liver where it can be processed and eliminated from the body. Having high levels of HDL cholesterol is associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular diseases.
Which structure of the nervous system carries action potentials in the direction of a synapse?
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Explanation:
The correct answer is the axon. The axon is a long, slender projection of a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body towards other neurons, muscles, or glands. Action potentials travel along the axon to the axon terminals where they lead to the release of neurotransmitters at the synapse, allowing communication with other neurons or target cells. The cell body contains the nucleus and organelles of the neuron but does not transmit action potentials. Neurons are the functional unit of the nervous system composed of the cell body, dendrites, and axon. Myelin is a fatty substance that surrounds and insulates axons, helping to speed up the transmission of nerve impulses but does not carry action potentials towards the synapse.
A tissue examined under the microscope exhibits the following characteristics: cells found on the internal surface of the stomach, no extracellular matrix, cells are tall and thin, and no blood vessels are present in the tissue. What type of tissue is this?
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Explanation:
The correct answer is A: Epithelial. Epithelial tissue is characterized by tightly packed cells that line the surfaces and cavities of organs. The description provided matches the characteristics of epithelial tissue, such as being found on internal surfaces like the stomach lining, having tall and thin cells, lacking an extracellular matrix, and not containing blood vessels. Connective tissue, muscle tissue, and cartilage do not match the described characteristics.
What are the two catabolic pathways that lead to cellular energy production?
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Explanation:
The correct answer is C: Fermentation and cellular respiration. Fermentation and cellular respiration are the two catabolic pathways that lead to cellular energy production. Fermentation occurs in the absence of oxygen and produces a small amount of ATP, while cellular respiration involves the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen to produce a much larger amount of ATP through a series of metabolic pathways.
What are the functional units of the kidney?
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Explanation:
Nephrons are the functional units of the kidney responsible for filtering blood, regulating fluid balance, and forming urine. Each kidney contains thousands of nephrons that work together to maintain homeostasis in the body. Ureters are tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder, not the functional units. Glomeruli are part of the nephron structure, specifically involved in the initial filtration of blood. Renal capsules are outer coverings of the kidney and do not serve as the functional units responsible for kidney function.
What are groups of similar cells called?
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Explanation:
Groups of cells with similar structures and functions are called tissues. Tissues work together to perform specific functions in the body, such as muscle contraction, nerve signal transmission, and forming protective barriers. Examples of tissues include muscle tissue, nerve tissue, and epithelial tissue.
Which type of skin cancer can be recognized in lesion characteristics based on the ABCD rule?
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Explanation:
The ABCD rule is a method used to identify characteristics associated with melanoma, not basal cell carcinoma. The letters stand for Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variation, and Diameter greater than 6mm. Basal cell carcinoma is the most common type of skin cancer, but it is not typically identified using the ABCD rule. Melanoma is the correct answer as it is the type of skin cancer recognized based on the ABCD rule.
Which organelle contributes to phagocytosis in white blood cells?
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Explanation:
Lysosomes are the organelles responsible for phagocytosis in white blood cells. During phagocytosis, white blood cells engulf and digest pathogens or debris. Lysosomes contain enzymes that aid in breaking down the engulfed material, playing a crucial role in the process. On the other hand, the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), Vacuole, and Golgi apparatus have different functions within the cell and are not directly involved in phagocytosis.
What is the fundamental unit of life that constructs all living organisms?
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Explanation:
The correct answer is B: Cell. Cells are the fundamental structural and functional units of life that construct all living organisms. Cells carry out vital functions essential for life, such as growth, reproduction, and response to stimuli. While atoms are the basic units of matter, cells are specifically the fundamental units of life.
Which organ is part of the male reproductive system and urinary system?
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Explanation:
The correct answer is D: Urethra. The urethra is a part of both the male reproductive system, as it serves as the duct for semen during ejaculation, and the urinary system, as it allows the passage of urine from the bladder to outside the body. The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin, the ureter is a tube that carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder, and the testis is a male reproductive organ responsible for producing sperm.
Which structure regulates the transport of substances in and out of the cell?
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Explanation:
The plasma membrane, also known as the cell membrane, is responsible for regulating the transport of substances in and out of the cell. It acts as a selective barrier, allowing certain molecules to pass through while blocking others. The cytoplasm is the fluid within the cell, and the nuclear membrane surrounds the nucleus, not involved in regulating substance transport. Therefore, the correct answer is the plasma membrane.
What is the function of thrombocytes?
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Explanation:
Thrombocytes, also known as platelets, play a crucial role in blood clotting. When there is an injury or damage to a blood vessel, thrombocytes adhere to the site and form a plug to stop bleeding. This process is essential for wound healing and preventing excessive blood loss. Therefore, the correct function of thrombocytes is blood clotting.
Which system in the human body is responsible for transporting blood throughout the body?
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Explanation:
The circulatory system is responsible for transporting blood throughout the body. It consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The heart pumps oxygenated blood from the lungs to the rest of the body and returns deoxygenated blood back to the lungs for oxygenation. The blood vessels, including arteries, veins, and capillaries, help in the transport of blood to all parts of the body, delivering oxygen and nutrients while removing waste products. The digestive system is responsible for processing food, the nervous system for transmitting signals, and the respiratory system for exchanging gases.
Which bones are formed by intramembranous ossification?
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Explanation:
Intramembranous ossification is the process by which flat bones, such as the skull bones and the clavicles, are formed. During this process, mesenchymal stem cells differentiate directly into bone-forming cells, leading to the formation of flat bones. Long bones, short bones, and irregular bones are formed through endochondral ossification, a different process where the bone is first formed as a cartilage model before being replaced by bone tissue.
Where does digestion begin in the digestive system?
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Explanation:
Digestion begins in the oral cavity where food is broken down into smaller pieces by chewing and mixed with saliva containing enzymes that start the process of breaking down carbohydrates. This mixture of food and saliva then travels down the esophagus into the stomach for further digestion. The oral cavity is where the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food initiates, setting the stage for the rest of the digestive process.
What is the primary function of the respiratory system?
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Explanation:
The primary function of the respiratory system is to transport oxygen from the air into the body and remove carbon dioxide from the body. Oxygen is necessary for cells to produce energy through a process called cellular respiration, and carbon dioxide is a waste product that needs to be eliminated. Therefore, the correct answer is C, 'To transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.' Digesting food (choice A) is the primary function of the digestive system, controlling body movement (choice B) is the role of the muscular system, and circulating blood (choice D) is the function of the circulatory system.
In which cavity are the urinary bladder and internal reproductive organs found?
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Explanation:
The correct answer is A: Pelvic. The urinary bladder and internal reproductive organs are located in the pelvic cavity. The pelvic cavity is situated below the abdominal cavity and houses various organs, including the urinary bladder and reproductive organs. The abdominal cavity contains organs like the stomach, liver, and intestines, while the thoracic cavity houses the lungs and heart. Pleural is an incorrect choice as it is related to the lining around the lungs.
Which type of muscle tissue is found in the heart?
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Explanation:
The correct answer is C: Cardiac Muscle. Cardiac muscle tissue is specifically found in the heart and is responsible for its involuntary contractions to pump blood throughout the body. Cardiac muscle has unique features that enable synchronized contractions, essential for maintaining the heart's function, unlike skeletal and smooth muscles.
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