Nursing Elites

1. What is the role of transfer RNA (tRNA) in protein synthesis?

• A. Transcribes DNA into mRNA
• B. Decodes the genetic code on mRNA
• C. Carries specific amino acids to the ribosomes bas(a) Carries amino acids to the ribosomes: This is the function of transfer RNA (tRNA), not ribosomal RNA. (b) Reads the genetic code on mRNA: This is the function of the ribosomes as a whole, not just the ribosomal RNA. (d) Controls the rate of protein synthesis: This is a more complex process involving various factors, not solely ribosomal RNA. ? ed on the mRNA
• D. Modifies the structure of proteins

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Rationale: A) Transcribes DNA into mRNA: This is the function of RNA polymerase, not transfer RNA (tRNA). tRNA is involved in protein synthesis, not transcription. B) Decodes the genetic code on mRNA: This is the function of tRNA during translation. tRNA molecules carry specific amino acids and recognize the codons on mRNA, ensuring the correct amino acid is added to the growing polypeptide chain. C) Carries specific amino acids to the ribosomes: This is the primary role of tRNA in protein synthesis. Each tRNA molecule is specific for a particular amino acid and carries it to the ribosome, where it is added to the growing protein chain. D) Modifies the structure of proteins: This is not a function of tRNA. Protein modification can occur after translation is complete and involves other cellular processes and molecules.

2. The energy released in nuclear fusion originates from:

• A. The fission of heavy nuclei
• B. The binding energy released during the fusion of light nuclei
• C. Electronic transitions within atoms
• D. Matter-antimatter annihilation

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: 'The binding energy released during the fusion of light nuclei.' Nuclear fusion is the process where light nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus, releasing energy in the form of binding energy. This energy comes from the conversion of mass into energy as per Einstein's famous equation E=mc^2. In contrast, option A refers to nuclear fission, where heavy nuclei split into lighter nuclei, releasing energy. Option C is related to atomic energy levels, and option D involves the complete conversion of matter into energy, not specific to nuclear fusion. Therefore, the energy released in nuclear fusion originates from the binding energy released during the fusion of light nuclei.

3. Which vitamin is crucial for calcium absorption and synthesized in the skin upon sun exposure?

• A. Vitamin A
• B. Vitamin C
• C. Vitamin D
• D. Vitamin E

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Vitamin D. Vitamin D is crucial for calcium absorption as it helps the body absorb calcium from the diet. When the skin is exposed to sunlight, it produces vitamin D. This is why sunlight is often referred to as the 'sunshine vitamin.' Vitamin A (choice A) is important for vision and immune function, but not specifically for calcium absorption. Vitamin C (choice B) is essential for collagen production and immune function, but not directly related to calcium absorption. Vitamin E (choice D) is an antioxidant that helps protect cells from damage, but it is not primarily involved in calcium absorption like vitamin D.

4. The part of the brain responsible for balance and coordination is the:

• A. Cerebellum
• B. Cerebrum
• C. Hypothalamus
• D. Thalamus

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Cerebellum. The cerebellum is the part of the brain responsible for balance and coordination. It receives information from the sensory systems, spinal cord, and other parts of the brain to coordinate voluntary movements such as posture, balance, and speech. The cerebrum (option B) is responsible for higher brain functions such as thinking and decision-making. The hypothalamus (option C) is involved in regulating basic biological needs such as hunger and thirst. The thalamus (option D) acts as a relay station for sensory information. Therefore, the cerebellum is the specific part of the brain that plays a crucial role in maintaining balance and coordination.

5. What is the medical term for a urinary tract infection (UTI)?

• A. Nephritis
• B. Cystitis
• C. Urethritis
• D. All of the above

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, 'All of the above.' A urinary tract infection (UTI) can affect different parts of the urinary system. Nephritis refers to inflammation of the kidneys, cystitis refers to inflammation of the bladder, and urethritis refers to inflammation of the urethra. Therefore, all of these terms can be used to describe a UTI depending on which part of the urinary tract is affected. It's important to differentiate between these terms to accurately diagnose and treat UTIs.

6. Which part of the brain is responsible for regulating heart rate, breathing, and swallowing?

• A. Cerebrum
• B. Cerebellum
• C. Medulla oblongata
• D. Thalamus

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Medulla oblongata. The medulla oblongata is located at the base of the brainstem and is responsible for regulating essential functions such as heart rate, breathing, and swallowing. It contains vital control centers for these automatic processes, making it a critical part of the brain for maintaining life. The cerebrum is primarily involved in higher brain functions such as thinking and voluntary movement, while the cerebellum helps with coordination and balance. The thalamus acts as a relay station for sensory information. Therefore, the medulla oblongata is the most appropriate choice for regulating these basic physiological functions.

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