1. The involuntary "fight-or-flight" response is controlled by the:

A. Sympathetic nervous system
B. Parasympathetic nervous system
C. Enteric nervous system
D. Sensory nervous system

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Sympathetic nervous system. The "fight-or-flight" response is an automatic physiological reaction triggered by the sympathetic nervous system in response to a perceived threat or stressor. This system prepares the body for action by increasing heart rate, dilating pupils, and redirecting blood flow to muscles. The parasympathetic nervous system, on the other hand, controls the body's "rest-and-digest" response, promoting relaxation and digestion. The enteric nervous system primarily regulates the gastrointestinal system, while the sensory nervous system is responsible for transmitting sensory information to the brain. Therefore, the sympathetic nervous system is specifically responsible for initiating the fight-or-flight response.

2. The muscular tube connecting the mouth to the stomach is lined with a mucous membrane. What is the main function of this mucous membrane?

A. Secretion of digestive enzymes
B. Absorption of nutrients
C. Lubrication and protection
D. Storage of bile

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Lubrication and protection. The mucous membrane lining the esophagus serves to provide lubrication for food as it travels from the mouth to the stomach, making it easier to swallow. Additionally, the mucous membrane protects the esophageal tissue from damage caused by the passage of food and liquids. This function is crucial in preventing irritation and inflammation of the esophagus, ensuring smooth and efficient digestion process. The mucous membrane does not secrete digestive enzymes (A), absorb nutrients (B), or store bile (D), as those functions are carried out by other digestive organs.

3. The peripheral nervous system can be further divided into which two main parts?

A. Sensory and motor
B. Sympathetic and parasympathetic
C. Myelinated and unmyelinated
D. Central and peripheral

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: 'Sensory and motor.' The peripheral nervous system is divided into two main parts based on their functions. The sensory division (afferent) transmits sensory information from receptors to the central nervous system, while the motor division (efferent) transmits signals from the central nervous system to muscles and glands to produce a response. Options B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not accurately describe the main divisions of the peripheral nervous system. Understanding this division is crucial in comprehending how information is processed and responses are generated in the body.

4. What is the term for a solution with a pH value less than 7?

A. Acidic
B. Neutral
C. Alkaline
D. Basic

Correct answer: a

Rationale: Solutions with a pH less than 7 are acidic. The other choices do not accurately describe solutions with a pH less than 7.

5. How does the amplitude of a wave relate to its intensity or loudness?

A. They are inversely proportional.
B. They are directly proportional.
C. They have no relationship.
D. Amplitude affects frequency, not intensity.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Higher amplitude corresponds to larger displacement from equilibrium and translates to higher intensity or perceived loudness in sound waves.

6. What is the largest muscle in the human body?

A. Gluteus maximus (buttocks)
B. Quadriceps femoris (thighs)
C. Erector spinae (back)
D. Pectoralis major (chest)

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The gluteus maximus is the largest muscle in the human body, located at the back of the hip and extending from the sacrum to the femur. It is a powerful muscle that plays a crucial role in extending the hip joint, enabling walking, running, and climbing stairs.