ATI TEAS 7
Biology
1. Describe the ethical considerations surrounding the potential use of CRISPR-Cas9 technology in humans.
- A. Concerns about unintended consequences on the genome and potential off-target effects.
- B. Debates on modifying the human germline and potential eugenic implications.
- C. Accessibility and affordability of the technology, ensuring equitable access to benefits.
- D. Risks associated with CRISPR-Cas9 editing germline cells and potential long-term impacts.
Correct answer: B
Rationale: CRISPR-Cas9's ability to precisely edit germline cells raises ethical dilemmas about modifying the human gene pool. This includes concerns about eugenics, unintended consequences, and the long-term impact on future generations.
2. What is the outermost layer of the dermis, rich in collagen and elastin fibers that provide elasticity to the skin?
- A. Papillary layer
- B. Reticular layer
- C. Stratum basale
- D. Stratum corneum
Correct answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Papillary layer. The papillary layer is the outermost layer of the dermis and is rich in collagen and elastin fibers. These fibers provide elasticity to the skin, helping it maintain its structure and flexibility. The reticular layer, although deeper in the dermis, is not the outermost layer and is primarily responsible for providing strength and support to the skin. The stratum basale and stratum corneum are layers of the epidermis, not the dermis. The stratum basale is the deepest layer of the epidermis where new skin cells are formed, while the stratum corneum is the outermost layer of the epidermis composed of dead skin cells. Understanding the different layers of the skin is essential for comprehending its functions and properties.
3. The small intestine is where most of the chemical digestion and nutrient absorption occur. What is the finger-like projection in the small intestine that increases its surface area for absorption?
- A. Rugae
- B. Villi
- C. Microvilli
- D. All of the above
Correct answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, 'All of the above.' The finger-like projection in the small intestine that increases its surface area for absorption is primarily the villi and microvilli. Villi are small, finger-like projections that line the inner wall of the small intestine, while microvilli are even smaller projections on the surface of the villi. Both structures significantly increase the surface area of the small intestine, allowing for more efficient absorption of nutrients. Rugae, on the other hand, are folds in the stomach lining that help with expansion when the stomach is full. Therefore, the rugae are not directly related to the increased surface area for absorption in the small intestine, making options A and B incorrect choices. Overall, options A, B, and C are all related to the structure of the small intestine but serve different functions, so the most appropriate answer is D, 'All of the above.'
4. Which of the following can weaken the immune system and increase susceptibility to infections?
- A. Regular exercise
- B. Balanced diet
- C. Chronic stress
- D. Adequate sleep
Correct answer: C
Rationale: Chronic stress can weaken the immune system by increasing the production of stress hormones like cortisol, which can suppress immune function over time. Prolonged stress can also lead to inflammation, making the body more vulnerable to infections. It is important to manage stress levels through relaxation techniques, exercise, and seeking support to maintain a healthy immune system.
5. Electrons occupy specific energy levels around the nucleus, but not in fixed orbits. This concept is captured by the:
- A. Bohr model
- B. Quantum mechanical model
- C. Lewis structure
- D. Octet rule
Correct answer: B
Rationale: Quantum mechanical model. Unlike the Bohr model with its defined electron paths, the quantum mechanical model uses probability distributions to describe electron locations within energy levels.
6. Identify the bone with the greatest length in the human body.
- A. Femur (Thigh bone)
- B. Humerus (Upper arm bone)
- C. Tibia (Shin bone)
- D. Scapula (Shoulder blade)
Correct answer: A
Rationale: The femur, exceeding a meter in length, bears significant weight and enables locomotion.
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