Nursing Elites

1. What is the main consequence of a malfunctioning thyroid gland that produces abnormally low levels of thyroid hormones?

• A. Increased energy levels and weight loss
• B. Decreased heart rate and body temperature
• C. Enhanced muscle growth and bone development
• D. Faster metabolism and heightened alertness

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: 'Decreased heart rate and body temperature.' When the thyroid gland produces abnormally low levels of thyroid hormones (hypothyroidism), it can lead to a decrease in metabolic rate, resulting in symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, and feeling cold. A lower metabolic rate can slow down heart rate and decrease body temperature. The other options (A, C, D) are not characteristic of hypothyroidism. Increased energy levels and weight loss, enhanced muscle growth and bone development, and faster metabolism and heightened alertness are more commonly associated with hyperthyroidism, where the thyroid gland produces excess hormones.

2. Which neurotransmitter is associated with mood, sleep, and memory?

• A. Dopamine
• B. Serotonin
• C. Acetylcholine
• D. Glutamate

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Serotonin. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in regulating mood, sleep, and memory. It is known as the 'feel-good' neurotransmitter because it helps to promote feelings of well-being and happiness. Serotonin also contributes to the regulation of sleep patterns and plays a role in memory and learning processes. Dopamine is associated with reward and motivation, acetylcholine with muscle movement and cognitive functions, and glutamate with learning and memory as an excitatory neurotransmitter. Therefore, of the options provided, serotonin is the neurotransmitter most closely linked to mood, sleep, and memory.

3. What is the role of transfer RNA (tRNA) in protein synthesis?

• A. Transcribes DNA into mRNA
• B. Decodes the genetic code on mRNA
• C. Carries specific amino acids to the ribosomes bas(a) Carries amino acids to the ribosomes: This is the function of transfer RNA (tRNA), not ribosomal RNA. (b) Reads the genetic code on mRNA: This is the function of the ribosomes as a whole, not just the ribosomal RNA. (d) Controls the rate of protein synthesis: This is a more complex process involving various factors, not solely ribosomal RNA. ? ed on the mRNA
• D. Modifies the structure of proteins

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Rationale: A) Transcribes DNA into mRNA: This is the function of RNA polymerase, not transfer RNA (tRNA). tRNA is involved in protein synthesis, not transcription. B) Decodes the genetic code on mRNA: This is the function of tRNA during translation. tRNA molecules carry specific amino acids and recognize the codons on mRNA, ensuring the correct amino acid is added to the growing polypeptide chain. C) Carries specific amino acids to the ribosomes: This is the primary role of tRNA in protein synthesis. Each tRNA molecule is specific for a particular amino acid and carries it to the ribosome, where it is added to the growing protein chain. D) Modifies the structure of proteins: This is not a function of tRNA. Protein modification can occur after translation is complete and involves other cellular processes and molecules.

4. The kidneys are bean-shaped organs that perform several vital functions. Which of the following is NOT a primary function of the kidneys?

• A. Filtering waste products from the blood
• B. Regulating blood pressure
• C. Producing red blood cells
• D. Maintaining water balance in the body

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C. While the kidneys perform multiple vital functions, such as filtering waste products from the blood, regulating blood pressure, and maintaining water balance in the body, they do not produce red blood cells. Red blood cell production occurs in the bone marrow, specifically in the spongy tissue called the red bone marrow. Therefore, the kidneys' primary functions do not include producing red blood cells.

5. What is the term for a solution that has a lower concentration of solute compared to another solution?

• A. Saturated solution
• B. Unsaturated solution
• C. Dilute solution
• D. Concentrated solution

Correct answer: C

Rationale: A dilute solution has a lower concentration of solute compared to another solution. The other choices do not accurately describe a dilute solution.

6. What is the scientific term for the windpipe, a tube that carries air from the larynx to the bronchi?

• A. Pharynx
• B. Trachea
• C. Epiglottis
• D. Bronchiole

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Trachea. The trachea is the scientific term for the windpipe, which is a tube that carries air from the larynx to the bronchi. The pharynx is the throat area where the mouth and nasal passages meet. The epiglottis is a flap of tissue that covers the trachea during swallowing to prevent food from entering the airway. Bronchioles are smaller airway branches in the lungs. Therefore, the trachea best fits the description of a tube carrying air from the larynx to the bronchi.

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