Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following epithelial tissues lines the stratified squamous epithelium of the esophagus, providing a protective barrier against abrasion from food passage?

• A. Simple squamous epithelium
• B. Stratified squamous epithelium
• C. Simple cuboidal epithelium
• D. Stratified cuboidal epithelium

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Stratified squamous epithelium. The esophagus is a part of the digestive system that undergoes constant abrasion from the passage of food. The presence of stratified squamous epithelium is crucial in providing protection against this abrasion. Simple squamous epithelium (option A) is a single layer of flat cells and is not suitable for this function. Simple cuboidal epithelium (option C) is found in glands and ducts, not in structures exposed to mechanical stress like the esophagus. Stratified cuboidal epithelium (option D) is rare in the body and would not be found in the esophagus. Therefore, the correct answer is B because stratified squamous epithelium is specifically adapted to provide protection against abrasion in the esophagus.

2. Acknowledge the organ devoted to blood filtration.

• A. Liver
• B. Kidneys
• C. Spleen
• D. Pancreas

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The kidneys are the primary organs responsible for filtering blood and removing waste products, excess fluids, and toxins. They play a crucial role in maintaining the body's internal environment and regulating blood pressure.

3. A rocket blasts off from Earth. What is the main force propelling the rocket upwards?

• A. Gravitational force
• B. Air resistance
• C. Thrust from the rocket engine
• D. Normal force from the launchpad

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Thrust from the rocket engine. This force is produced by the action-reaction principle and pushes the rocket upwards against the exhaust gases.

4. Which of the following is the primary function of the ovaries in the female reproductive system?

• A. Transport sperm to the uterus
• B. Produce milk for feeding offspring
• C. Produce eggs (ova)
• D. Regulate urination

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The primary function of the ovaries in the female reproductive system is to produce eggs (ova). Ovaries are responsible for the production and release of eggs during the menstrual cycle, which can be fertilized by sperm to form a zygote. This process is essential for reproduction and the continuation of the species. Options A, B, and D are incorrect as transporting sperm to the uterus is the role of the fallopian tubes, producing milk for feeding offspring is the function of the mammary glands, and regulating urination is controlled by the bladder and associated muscles, not the ovaries.

5. During vigorous exercise, the respiratory rate increases to:

• A. Meet the increased demand for oxygen in working muscles
• B. Eliminate excess carbon dioxide more slowly
• C. Conserve energy for physical activity
• D. Decrease the amount of oxygen delivered to the body

Correct answer: A

Rationale: During vigorous exercise, the respiratory rate increases to meet the increased demand for oxygen in working muscles. When we exercise vigorously, our muscles require more oxygen to produce energy through aerobic metabolism. Increasing the respiratory rate allows more oxygen to be taken in and transported to the muscles via the bloodstream to support this increased demand. Option A is correct because it accurately reflects the physiological response of the respiratory system to vigorous exercise, ensuring that working muscles receive sufficient oxygen for optimal performance.

6. A pressure vessel has a cylindrical body (diameter 10cm, height 20cm) with hemispherical ends (same diameter as the cylinder). What is its total surface area?

• A. 785 sq cm
• B. 1130 sq cm
• C. 1570 sq cm
• D. 2055 sq cm

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Calculate the surface area of the cylinder (base + lateral surface) and two hemispheres. Add them all up for the total surface area.

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