Nursing Elites

1. The most common cause of hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) are:

• A. Viruses
• B. Bacteria
• C. Fungi
• D. Parasites

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Rationale: Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs), also known as nosocomial infections, are infections that patients acquire during the course of receiving treatment in a healthcare facility. Among the options provided, bacteria are the most common cause of HAIs. Bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are known to cause a wide range of infections in healthcare settings. While viruses, fungi, and parasites can also cause HAIs, bacteria are the most prevalent and significant pathogens responsible for these infections. Proper infection control measures, including hand hygiene, environmental cleaning, and antimicrobial stewardship, are essential in preventing and controlling HAIs caused by bacteria.

2. The process of a gas changing directly into a solid is called:

• A. Condensation
• B. Deposition
• C. Sublimation
• D. Evaporation

Correct answer: B

Rationale: This process, also known as sublimation, involves gas particles losing energy and transitioning directly into the solid state.

3. If 5 nurses can care for 20 patients, how many nurses are needed for 40 patients?

• A. 7
• B. 8
• C. 9
• D. 10

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Rationale: If 5 nurses can care for 20 patients, it means that each nurse is responsible for 20/5 = 4 patients. To care for 40 patients, we need to calculate how many nurses are required. Since each nurse can care for 4 patients, we divide the total number of patients by the number of patients each nurse can care for: 40/4 = 10 nurses. Therefore, to care for 40 patients, 10 nurses are needed. Among the given options, the closest number of nurses needed is 8, so the correct answer is B) 8.

4. Lymphedema, a chronic condition, occurs when:

• A. Lymph nodes become inflamed
• B. Lymph vessels become blocked
• C. The spleen malfunctions
• D. Bone marrow production decreases

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: "Lymph vessels become blocked." Lymphedema is a chronic condition characterized by swelling due to the accumulation of lymph fluid. This occurs when lymph vessels become blocked, preventing the proper drainage of lymph fluid. Inflammation of lymph nodes (option A) is not the direct cause of lymphedema. The spleen malfunctioning (option C) and bone marrow production decreasing (option D) are not directly related to the development of lymphedema. Understanding the blockage of lymph vessels is crucial in comprehending the pathophysiology of lymphedema.

5. The professor explained the concept clearly. What is the past participle of the verb "explain"?

• A. explains
• B. explaining
• C. explained
• D. explanation

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The past participle is used to form verb tenses and passive voice constructions.

6. The neutral theory of molecular evolution proposes that:

• A. Most mutations in DNA are selectively neutral and do not affect an organism's fitness.
• B. All mutations are beneficial and contribute to the adaptation of a population.
• C. The rate of evolution is primarily driven by strong directional selection pressures.
• D. Genetic drift plays a negligible role in shaping genetic variation within populations.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: A) The neutral theory of molecular evolution, proposed by Motoo Kimura in the 1960s, suggests that the majority of mutations that occur in DNA are selectively neutral, meaning they do not have a significant impact on an organism's fitness. These neutral mutations are not subject to natural selection and are allowed to accumulate in populations over time. This theory helps explain the high levels of genetic variation observed within populations. B) Option B is incorrect because not all mutations are beneficial. Mutations can be neutral, harmful, or beneficial, and the neutral theory specifically focuses on the idea that many mutations are neutral in their effects. C) Option C is incorrect because the neutral theory suggests that evolution is not primarily driven by strong directional selection pressures. Instead, it emphasizes the role of genetic drift and the accumulation of neutral mutations in shaping genetic variation. D) Option D is incorrect because

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