Nursing Elites

1. The most common cause of hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) are:

• A. Viruses
• B. Bacteria
• C. Fungi
• D. Parasites

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Rationale: Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs), also known as nosocomial infections, are infections that patients acquire during the course of receiving treatment in a healthcare facility. Among the options provided, bacteria are the most common cause of HAIs. Bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are known to cause a wide range of infections in healthcare settings. While viruses, fungi, and parasites can also cause HAIs, bacteria are the most prevalent and significant pathogens responsible for these infections. Proper infection control measures, including hand hygiene, environmental cleaning, and antimicrobial stewardship, are essential in preventing and controlling HAIs caused by bacteria.

2. Which muscle type is characterized by a combination of voluntary and involuntary control, is striated, and is responsible for pumping blood throughout the circulatory system?

• A. Skeletal muscle
• B. Smooth muscle
• C. Cardiac muscle
• D. Connective tissue

Correct answer: c

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Cardiac muscle. Cardiac muscle is characterized by a combination of voluntary and involuntary control, as the heart can beat involuntarily while also responding to signals from the autonomic nervous system. It is striated, meaning it has a striped appearance under a microscope due to the arrangement of contractile proteins. Cardiac muscle is responsible for pumping blood throughout the circulatory system, making it crucial for maintaining circulation and delivering oxygen and nutrients to tissues. Skeletal muscle (option A) is primarily under voluntary control and is responsible for movement, while smooth muscle (option B) is predominantly involuntarily controlled and found in organs like the intestines. Connective tissue (option D) provides support and structure but is not a muscle type responsible for pumping blood.

3. What is the difference between the atomic number and the mass number of an atom?

• A. The atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus, while the mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
• B. The atomic number is the number of electrons in an atom, while the mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
• C. The atomic number is the number of neutrons in the nucleus, while the mass number is the total number of protons and electrons in an atom.
• D. The atomic number is the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus, while the mass number is the total number of electrons in an atom.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The atomic number and the mass number are two fundamental properties of an atom. They provide important information about the identity and structure of an element.

4. A salt solution that conducts electricity well is most likely

• A. A saturated solution
• B. A concentrated solution of a strong electrolyte
• C. A dilute solution of a weak acid
• D. A mixture of a neutral compound and water

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: "A concentrated solution of a strong electrolyte." Strong electrolytes completely dissociate into ions in solution, thereby increasing the conductivity of the solution. Concentrated solutions have a higher amount of dissolved solute particles, which leads to more ions available for conducting electricity. In contrast, saturated solutions may contain undissolved solute, limiting the number of ions in solution. Dilute solutions have fewer ions and weak acids only partially dissociate, reducing conductivity. A neutral compound and water do not provide ions for conducting electricity. Therefore, a concentrated solution of a strong electrolyte is most likely to conduct electricity well due to the high concentration of ions present.

5. Decomposers in an ecosystem play a vital role by:

• A. Photosynthesizing and producing organic matter
• B. Breaking down dead organisms and returning nutrients to the environment
• C. Preying on herbivores and controlling their populations
• D. Fixing nitrogen from the atmosphere and making it available to plants

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Rationale: Decomposers are organisms that break down dead organic matter, such as dead plants and animals, into simpler substances. By doing so, they help to recycle nutrients back into the environment, making them available for other organisms to use. This process is essential for the functioning of ecosystems, as it ensures that nutrients are not lost but instead are continuously cycled through the ecosystem. Photosynthesis (option A) is the process by which plants and some other organisms convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose, and it is not a role of decomposers. Preying on herbivores (option C) is a role typically carried out by predators, not decomposers. Fixing nitrogen from the atmosphere (option D) is a process carried out by nitrogen-fixing bacteria, not decomposers.

6. What is the medical term for ingrown hair?

• A. Folliculitis
• B. Hirsutism
• C. Pseudofolliculitis Barbae
• D. Alopecia

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: 'Pseudofolliculitis Barbae.' This term specifically refers to ingrown hairs commonly seen in the beard area. Folliculitis (A) is inflammation of the hair follicles, not necessarily due to ingrown hairs. Hirsutism (B) is excessive hair growth, unrelated to ingrown hairs. Alopecia (D) is hair loss, which is also not related to ingrown hairs. Therefore, 'Pseudofolliculitis Barbae' is the medical term specifically used to describe ingrown hairs in the beard area, making it the correct answer.

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