Nursing Elites

1. What is the main function of the epiglottis, a small flap of cartilage located above the larynx?

• A. To warm and humidify inhaled air
• B. To control the passage of food and air
• C. To produce sound vibrations for speech
• D. To sense the presence of foreign objects

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: 'To control the passage of food and air.' The epiglottis is a crucial structure that prevents food and liquids from entering the airway during swallowing. It acts as a lid over the trachea, ensuring that food goes down the esophagus while air passes into the respiratory system. This function is essential for preventing choking and ensuring proper breathing. Options A, C, and D are incorrect as the epiglottis is not primarily responsible for warming and humidifying inhaled air, producing sound vibrations for speech, or sensing foreign objects.

2. What is a mutation?

• A. A change in the DNA sequence
• B. A type of protein
• C. A normal part of the DNA replication process
• D. A harmless variation in DNA

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: A mutation is defined as a change in the DNA sequence. Mutations can occur due to various factors such as errors during DNA replication, exposure to mutagens (e.g., chemicals, radiation), or spontaneous changes. These changes can result in alterations to the genetic information carried by an organism, which can have different effects ranging from harmless variations to causing genetic disorders or diseases. Mutations are a fundamental aspect of genetic diversity and evolution. Options B, C, and D do not accurately describe what a mutation is.

3. When proofreading your writing, focus on:

• A. Changing the wording to sound more original.
• B. Ignoring minor grammatical errors like typos.
• C. Checking for clarity, consistency, and overall flow.
• D. Replacing common words with thesaurus alternatives.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Proofreading involves correcting errors, refining sentence structure, and ensuring the writing achieves its purpose, clarity, and consistency.

4. Which blood vessels carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body?

• A. Pulmonary arteries
• B. Pulmonary veins
• C. Systemic arteries
• D. Systemic veins

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Systemic arteries. Systemic arteries carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body, delivering vital nutrients and oxygen to tissues and organs. Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation. Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart. Systemic veins return deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart. It's important to differentiate between pulmonary and systemic vessels in understanding the circulation of blood throughout the body.

5. Which word best describes the relationship between population growth and smart cities in the passage?

• A. Cause and effect
• B. Analogy
• C. Contrast
• D. Similarity

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The passage identifies rapid population growth as a challenge that smart cities are proposed to address, establishing a causal connection.

6. Elements tend to gain or lose electrons to achieve stable electron configurations like those of noble gases. Their group number often indicates the number of electrons gained/lost and the resulting ionic charge, providing a good starting point for prediction.

• A. Ionic bonds involve electron sharing, while metallic bonds involve electron transfer
• B. Ionic bonds are weak and directional, while metallic bonds are strong and non-directional
• C. Ionic bonds exist between metals and non-metals, while metallic bonds exist only between metals
• D. Ionic bonds form discrete molecules, while metallic bonds form extended structures

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Ionic bonds involve complete electron transfer between atoms, creating strong, non-directional electrostatic attraction. Metallic bonds involve a delocalized "sea" of electrons shared across all metal atoms, resulting in a strong, extended structure.

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