Nursing Elites

1. The microscopic functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtering blood is the:

• A. Ureter
• B. Nephron
• C. Renal pelvis
• D. Bladder

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Nephron. The nephron is the microscopic functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtering blood and producing urine. It consists of the glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, and distal convoluted tubule. The other options, A: Ureter, C: Renal pelvis, and D: Bladder, are incorrect as they are not parts of the nephron but rather other structures involved in the urinary system. The ureter is a tube that carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder, the renal pelvis is a funnel-shaped structure in the kidney that collects urine, and the bladder stores urine before it is excreted from the body.

2. What is the role of RNA in the regulation of gene expression?

• A. Provides energy for the process
• B. Controls the timing and location of protein synthesis
• C. Translates the genetic code into amino acids
• D. Stores genetic information

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Rationale: A) RNA does not provide energy for the process of gene expression. Energy is typically provided by molecules like ATP. B) RNA plays a crucial role in controlling the timing and location of protein synthesis through processes like transcriptional regulation, RNA splicing, and post-transcriptional modifications. It helps determine when and where specific proteins are produced in the cell. C) While mRNA translates the genetic code into amino acids during the process of translation, this is not the primary role of RNA in the regulation of gene expression. D) RNA does not store genetic information in the same way that DNA does. DNA is the molecule responsible for storing genetic information in the form of genes. Therefore, option B is the most appropriate choice as it accurately describes the role of RNA in regulating gene expression.

3. Which condition involves an overactive immune system attacking healthy tissues, leading to inflammation and damage?

• A. Immunodeficiency
• B. Autoimmune disease
• C. Allergy
• D. Cancer

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Autoimmune disease. Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells and tissues in the body, leading to inflammation and damage. Immunodeficiency (option A) is the opposite, where the immune system is weakened or not functioning properly. Allergies (option C) involve the immune system overreacting to harmless substances. Cancer (option D) is characterized by uncontrolled cell growth, not by the immune system attacking healthy tissues.

4. A spring is stretched and released, causing an object attached to it to oscillate. What determines the frequency of the oscillations?

• A. The mass of the object
• B. The stiffness of the spring
• C. The initial displacement of the object
• D. All of the above

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The stiffness of the spring. Frequency depends on the spring constant and the mass, but the mass term cancels out in the formula for simple harmonic motion, leaving only the spring constant.

5. A decorative globe has a diameter of 25cm. What is its total surface area?

• A. 1570 sq cm
• B. 1963 sq cm
• C. 2513 sq cm
• D. 3142 sq cm

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Use the formula for surface area of a sphere: 4 * π * (radius)^2, where radius is half the diameter. Calculate the radius (12.5cm) and substitute: 4 * π * (12.5cm)^2 ≈ 1963 sq cm.

6. Which type of carbohydrate is the main component of the cell wall in plant cells?

• A. Starch
• B. Glucose
• C. Cellulose
• D. Chitin

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Cellulose. Cellulose is a structural polysaccharide and the main component of the cell wall in plant cells. Starch, option A, is a storage polysaccharide found in plants, while glucose, option B, is a simple sugar and a basic unit of carbohydrates, not the main component of plant cell walls. Chitin, option D, is a structural polysaccharide found in the exoskeletons of arthropods and fungal cell walls, not in plant cell walls. Understanding the unique composition of plant cell walls helps in differentiating the types of carbohydrates present in various cellular structures.

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