Nursing Elites

1. Homologous structures are those that:

• A. Have the same function but different origins
• B. Have different functions but the same origin
• C. Are similar in appearance and function due to shared ancestry
• D. Are identical in both appearance and function

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Rationale: - Option A is incorrect because structures with the same function but different origins are analogous structures, not homologous structures. - Option B is incorrect because structures with different functions but the same origin are also not homologous structures; they are considered to be vestigial structures. - Option D is incorrect because structures that are identical in both appearance and function are not necessarily homologous; they could be the result of convergent evolution. Homologous structures are those that share similarities in appearance and function due to being inherited from a common ancestor. These structures may have undergone modifications over time to adapt to different functions in different species, but their fundamental similarities can be traced back to a shared evolutionary history.

2. Isotopes are variants of a single element that differ in:

• A. Having the same number of protons but varying numbers of neutrons
• B. Having the same number of neutrons but varying numbers of protons
• C. Having the same mass but different atomic numbers
• D. None of the above

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: 'Having the same number of protons but varying numbers of neutrons.' Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same number of protons (which determines the element) but different numbers of neutrons. This results in isotopes having slightly different atomic masses. Options B and C are incorrect because isotopes specifically refer to variations in the number of neutrons, not protons or atomic numbers. Option D is incorrect because isotopes do exist due to differences in neutron number.

3. Antigen-antibody binding is the principle behind:

• A. Vaccination
• B. Disinfection
• C. Sterilization
• D. antibiotic resistance

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: Antigen-antibody binding is the principle behind vaccination. When a vaccine containing antigens (weakened or killed pathogens) is introduced into the body, the immune system produces antibodies that bind to these antigens. This binding triggers an immune response, leading to the production of memory cells that provide immunity against future infections by the same pathogen. Vaccination helps the body develop immunity without causing the disease itself, thereby protecting individuals from infectious diseases. Disinfection and sterilization involve different processes to eliminate or reduce pathogens on surfaces or objects. Antibiotic resistance is a phenomenon where bacteria evolve to resist the effects of antibiotics and is not directly related to antigen-antibody binding.

4. When you push a book across a table, the book experiences an equal and opposite force from the table. Why doesn't the table move as well?

• A. The table is much heavier than the book.
• B. The force on the book acts in a different direction.
• C. The table has a much larger surface area, distributing the force over a wider area
• D. All of the above

Correct answer: C

Rationale: While Newton's third law states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction, the unbalanced force acting on each object depends on their respective masses. The larger mass of the table (compared to the book) experiences a smaller acceleration, making its movement almost imperceptible.

5. Which property describes a substance's resistance to flow?

• A. Density
• B. Viscosity
• C. Conductivity
• D. Reactivity

Correct answer: b

Rationale: Viscosity refers to a substance's resistance to flow. Substances with high viscosity flow slowly, while those with low viscosity flow more easily.

6. What is the term for a genetic disorder caused by a mutation in a mitochondrial gene?

• A. Autosomal dominant disorder
• B. Autosomal recessive disorder
• C. Sex-linked disorder
• D. Mitochondrial disorder

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Rationale: A) Autosomal dominant disorder: This type of genetic disorder is caused by a mutation in one copy of an autosomal gene. It is not related to mitochondrial gene mutations. B) Autosomal recessive disorder: This type of genetic disorder is caused by mutations in both copies of an autosomal gene. It is not related to mitochondrial gene mutations. C) Sex-linked disorder: This type of genetic disorder is caused by mutations in genes located on the sex chromosomes (X or Y). It is not related to mitochondrial gene mutations. D) Mitochondrial disorder: Mitochondrial disorders are genetic disorders caused by mutations in genes located in the mitochondria, the energy-producing structures within cells. These disorders are inherited maternally and can affect various organs and systems in the body due to the role of mitochondria in energy production.

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