1. Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of pregnancy?

A. Fatigue
B. Nausea
C. Increased urination
D. Loss of appetite

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: "Loss of appetite." While it is common for pregnant individuals to experience fatigue, nausea, and increased urination due to hormonal changes and the body's adaptations during pregnancy, a loss of appetite is not typically a common symptom. Most pregnant individuals experience increased appetite, particularly in the early stages of pregnancy. This increased appetite is often attributed to the body's need for additional nutrients to support the growing fetus. Therefore, the absence of appetite loss makes option D the correct choice in this question.

2. What is the difference between heat and temperature?

A. They are the same thing.
B. Heat is a form of energy, while temperature measures the average kinetic energy of particles.
C. Heat flows from cold to hot, while temperature flows from hot to cold.
D. Heat is measured in Celsius, while temperature is measured in Joules.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Heat is a form of energy transfer, while temperature reflects the average kinetic energy of particles within a substance.

3. The adaptive immune system has two main branches: humoral and cell-mediated immunity. Which type of immune cell is primarily responsible for antibody production?

A. Helper T cells
B. Cytotoxic T cells
C. B cells
D. Natural killer cells

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: B cells. B cells are a type of lymphocyte that plays a central role in humoral immunity by producing antibodies. When activated by antigens, B cells differentiate into plasma cells, which are responsible for producing and secreting antibodies. Helper T cells (option A) primarily assist in activating B cells and other immune cells. Cytotoxic T cells (option B) are involved in cell-mediated immunity, where they directly kill infected cells. Natural killer cells (option D) are part of the innate immune system and target virus-infected and cancerous cells. Therefore, B cells are the immune cells primarily responsible for antibody production in the adaptive immune system.

4. During inhalation, which muscle contracts to increase the volume of the thoracic cavity, allowing air to flow into the lungs?

A. Diaphragm
B. Intercostal muscles
C. Abdominal muscles
D. Pectoral muscles

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Diaphragm. During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and moves downward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity. This action creates a pressure difference between the lungs and the atmosphere, causing air to flow into the lungs. The intercostal muscles also play a role by expanding the ribcage, but the primary muscle responsible for increasing thoracic cavity volume during inhalation is the diaphragm. Abdominal muscles are involved in exhalation by contracting to push the diaphragm up, reducing thoracic cavity volume. Pectoral muscles are located in the chest and are not directly involved in the breathing process.

5. What property of a substance remains constant regardless of changes in its location in the universe?

A. Mass
B. Weight
C. Density
D. Volume

Correct answer: a

Rationale: Mass is an intrinsic property of matter and remains constant regardless of its location.

6. The element responsible for the red color of blood is:

A. Magnesium
B. Iron
C. Copper
D. Zinc

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Hemoglobin, the protein responsible for carrying oxygen in red blood cells, contains iron in its heme group, contributing to the blood's characteristic red color.