Nursing Elites

1. A temporary loss of consciousness due to insufficient blood flow to the brain is called:

• A. Stroke
• B. Seizure
• C. Syncope (fainting)
• D. Coma

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: "Syncope (fainting)". Syncope is a temporary loss of consciousness caused by insufficient blood flow to the brain. During syncope, there is a brief interruption in the brain's blood supply, leading to a temporary loss of consciousness and muscle tone. This is different from a stroke (A), which is caused by a blockage or rupture of blood vessels in the brain, resulting in permanent damage. Seizures (B) involve abnormal electrical activity in the brain and can cause a variety of symptoms, including loss of consciousness, but they are not specifically due to insufficient blood flow. Coma (D) is a state of prolonged unconsciousness where a person is unresponsive and cannot be awakened. Therefore, the most appropriate term for a temporary loss of consciousness due to insufficient blood flow to the brain is syncope.

2. What literary device is used in the phrase "a heart of gold"?

• A. Metaphor
• B. Simile
• C. Hyperbole
• D. Personification

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The phrase directly compares someone's good nature to gold, making it a metaphor.

3. Muscle tissue is responsible for movement. Which type of muscle tissue is found in the heart?

• A. Skeletal muscle
• B. Smooth muscle
• C. Cardiac muscle
• D. All of the above

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Cardiac muscle. Cardiac muscle is a specialized type of muscle tissue found in the heart. Unlike skeletal muscle, which is under voluntary control, and smooth muscle, which is found in the walls of internal organs and blood vessels, cardiac muscle is involuntary and responsible for the rhythmic contractions of the heart to pump blood throughout the body. Therefore, cardiac muscle is the specific type of muscle tissue found in the heart, making it the correct choice for this question.

4. During inhalation, which muscle contracts to increase the volume of the thoracic cavity, allowing air to flow into the lungs?

• A. Diaphragm
• B. Intercostal muscles
• C. Abdominal muscles
• D. Pectoral muscles

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Diaphragm. During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and moves downward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity. This action creates a pressure difference between the lungs and the atmosphere, causing air to flow into the lungs. The intercostal muscles also play a role by expanding the ribcage, but the primary muscle responsible for increasing thoracic cavity volume during inhalation is the diaphragm. Abdominal muscles are involved in exhalation by contracting to push the diaphragm up, reducing thoracic cavity volume. Pectoral muscles are located in the chest and are not directly involved in the breathing process.

5. Which of the following properties is NOT characteristic of a covalent bond?

• A. Sharing of electrons between atoms
• B. High melting and boiling points
• C. Low electrical conductivity in solid state
• D. Directional bonding

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Covalent bonds are formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms. This sharing results in the formation of molecules with directional bonding, where the atoms are held together in a specific orientation. Covalent compounds generally have low melting and boiling points compared to ionic compounds, as the intermolecular forces in covalent compounds are weaker. Additionally, covalent compounds do not conduct electricity in the solid state because the electrons are localized between the atoms and not free to move and carry charge.

6. The inability of the kidneys to effectively filter waste products from the blood is called:

• A. Dehydration
• B. Kidney failure
• C. Incontinence
• D. Nephritis

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: "Kidney failure." Kidney failure refers to the inability of the kidneys to effectively filter waste products from the blood, leading to a buildup of toxins in the body. Dehydration, option A, is the state of lacking adequate fluid in the body and is not specifically related to kidney function. Incontinence, option C, is the loss of bladder control and is unrelated to kidney filtration function. Nephritis, option D, specifically refers to inflammation of the kidneys and may not always result in complete kidney failure. Therefore, the most appropriate answer for the described scenario is B.

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