1. What is the neurotransmitter involved in muscle movement?

A. Dopamine
B. Acetylcholine
C. Serotonin
D. GABA

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Acetylcholine. Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter involved in muscle movement. It is released by motor neurons at the neuromuscular junction to stimulate muscle contraction. Dopamine is involved in reward and pleasure pathways in the brain, serotonin plays a role in mood regulation, and GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that helps to reduce neural activity. Understanding the specific roles of neurotransmitters is crucial in grasping their functions in the nervous system.

2. Which hormone, produced by the adrenal glands, helps regulate the body's response to stress, including increasing blood pressure and suppressing the immune system?

A. Aldosterone
B. Epinephrine
C. Cortisol
D. Insulin

Correct answer: c

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Cortisol. Cortisol is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands that plays a crucial role in the body's response to stress. It helps regulate blood pressure by increasing it to prepare the body for stressors. Additionally, cortisol suppresses the immune system to prioritize the stress response. Aldosterone, while also produced by the adrenal glands, primarily regulates electrolyte balance and blood pressure. Epinephrine, produced by the adrenal medulla, is involved in the fight-or-flight response but does not suppress the immune system like cortisol. Insulin, produced by the pancreas, regulates blood sugar levels and is not directly involved in the stress response. Therefore, Cortisol is the hormone that specifically helps regulate the body's response to stress by increasing blood pressure and suppressing the immune system.

3. Which additional information would be MOST relevant to the topic of the passage?

A. A detailed history of the development of specific social media platforms.
B. Studies on the psychological effects of prolonged social media use on teenagers.
C. Statistics on the global economic impact of the social media industry.
D. Technical explanations of the algorithms used by social media platforms.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Studies on the psychological effects of social media use directly relate to the passage's concerns about mental health impacts, making it the most relevant information.

4. Which hormone, produced by the thyroid gland, plays a crucial role in regulating the body's metabolism, growth, and development?

A. Calcitonin
B. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
C. Thyroxine
D. Insulin

Correct answer: c

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Thyroxine. Thyroxine, also known as T4, is a hormone produced by the thyroid gland that plays a crucial role in regulating the body's metabolism, growth, and development. It controls how the body uses energy, affects heart rate, and influences other vital functions. Calcitonin (A) is involved in calcium regulation, not metabolism. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) (B) is produced by the parathyroid glands and regulates calcium and phosphorus levels in the body. Insulin (D) is a hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels, not metabolism or growth.

5. What is the main function of dietary fiber in the digestive system?

A. To provide energy
B. To break down fats
C. To promote gut bacteria growth
D. To aid in absorption of nutrients

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Rationale: Dietary fiber refers to the indigestible portion of plant foods that passes relatively intact through the digestive system. While fiber does not provide energy directly to the body, it plays a crucial role in promoting the growth of beneficial gut bacteria. These bacteria help in the fermentation of fiber, producing short-chain fatty acids that can be used as an energy source by the body. Additionally, fiber helps regulate bowel movements, maintain gut health, and support overall digestive function. Therefore, the main function of dietary fiber in the digestive system is to promote gut bacteria growth.

6. What is the outermost protective layer of the kidney?

A. Renal cortex
B. Renal medulla
C. Renal capsule
D. Renal pelvis

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C, renal capsule. The renal capsule is a tough fibrous layer that surrounds the kidney and provides protection. It helps maintain the shape of the kidney and serves as a barrier against infections and injuries. The renal cortex (A) is the outer region of the kidney where filtration occurs. The renal medulla (B) is the inner region of the kidney where urine is formed and collected. The renal pelvis (D) is a funnel-shaped structure that collects urine from the kidney and funnels it into the ureter. Therefore, the renal capsule is specifically the outermost protective layer of the kidney.