Nursing Elites

1. Saliva contains an enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates. What is the name of this enzyme?

• A. Pepsin
• B. Amylase
• C. Lipase
• D. Trypsin

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Amylase. Saliva contains the enzyme amylase, which is responsible for breaking down carbohydrates into simpler sugars like maltose and glucose. Pepsin (A) is an enzyme found in the stomach that breaks down proteins. Lipase (C) is an enzyme that breaks down fats, and trypsin (D) is another enzyme that breaks down proteins, but both of these are not found in saliva. Knowing the function of amylase in saliva helps in the digestion of carbohydrates, making it the correct answer.

2. What happens to the internal energy of a system when it performs work on its surroundings?

• A. It increases.
• B. It decreases.
• C. It remains the same.
• D. Information insufficient

Correct answer: B

Rationale: When a system performs work on its surroundings, it loses internal energy in accordance with the first law of thermodynamics.

3. Percent (%) is a way to express a fraction with a denominator of 100. 125% can be expressed as a fraction in lowest terms. Which of the following represents 125% as a fraction?

• A. 5/4
• B. 1/8
• C. 5/2
• D. 25/2

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Percent literally means "out of one hundred." So, 125% is equivalent to 125/100. We can simplify this fraction by dividing the numerator and denominator by 25, resulting in 5/2.

4. What type of bond involves the complete transfer of electrons between atoms?

• A. Covalent bond
• B. Ionic bond
• C. Metallic bond
• D. Hydrogen bond

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Ionic bond - Electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another, creating cations and anions with strong electrostatic attraction.

5. Myelin sheath is a fatty substance that insulates and protects the long extensions of some nerve cells. It is produced by:

• A. Schwann cells
• B. Astrocytes
• C. Neurons
• D. Oligodendrocytes

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Schwann cells. Schwann cells are a type of glial cell in the peripheral nervous system that produce the myelin sheath around axons. Myelin sheath is essential for the rapid conduction of nerve impulses and provides insulation and protection to nerve fibers. Astrocytes are glial cells that provide support and maintain homeostasis in the central nervous system, but they do not produce myelin. Neurons are the main functional units of the nervous system responsible for transmitting nerve impulses. Oligodendrocytes are another type of glial cell in the central nervous system that produce myelin sheath around axons in that region, not in the peripheral nervous system where Schwann cells are responsible for myelination.

6. The part of the brain responsible for balance and coordination is the:

• A. Cerebellum
• B. Cerebrum
• C. Hypothalamus
• D. Thalamus

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Cerebellum. The cerebellum is the part of the brain responsible for balance and coordination. It receives information from the sensory systems, spinal cord, and other parts of the brain to coordinate voluntary movements such as posture, balance, and speech. The cerebrum (option B) is responsible for higher brain functions such as thinking and decision-making. The hypothalamus (option C) is involved in regulating basic biological needs such as hunger and thirst. The thalamus (option D) acts as a relay station for sensory information. Therefore, the cerebellum is the specific part of the brain that plays a crucial role in maintaining balance and coordination.

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