1. A study finds a link between increased sugar intake and obesity. Does this confirm sugar causes obesity?

A. Yes, the study definitively proves causation.
B. No, correlation does not equal causation, other factors might be involved.
C. We need more research to isolate the specific role of sugar.
D. This only applies to people with genetic predispositions to obesity.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Correlation suggests a link, but other factors might contribute. Further research is needed to establish the direction and strength of any causal relationship.

2. Which word completes the sentence "He was ____ by the unexpected turn of events."

A. elated (joyful)
B. bewildered (confused)
C. vindicated (justified)
D. apathetic (uninterested)

Correct answer: B

Rationale: "Bewildered" best describes the confusion caused by the unexpected events.

3. Which of the following best describes a chemical change?

A. Melting ice to form water
B. Dissolving sugar in water
C. Burning wood to produce ash
D. Crushing a can to reduce its size

Correct answer: c

Rationale: Chemical changes involve the formation of new substances with different chemical properties. Burning wood involves a chemical reaction where wood undergoes combustion, breaking down its chemical structure to produce new substances like ash and gases.

4. Which term describes the ability of a muscle to return to its original length and shape after being stretched or contracted?

A. Contractility
B. Elasticity
C. Extensibility
D. Excitability

Correct answer: b

Rationale: The correct answer is B: "Elasticity." Elasticity is the term that describes the ability of a muscle to return to its original length and shape after being stretched or contracted. Contractility refers to the muscle's ability to contract forcefully, extensibility is the ability of a muscle to be stretched without being damaged, and excitability is the ability of a muscle to respond to stimuli. In this context, elasticity specifically pertains to the muscle's ability to bounce back to its original form, making it the most appropriate term in relation to the question.

5. Homologous structures are those that:

A. Have the same function but different origins
B. Have different functions but the same origin
C. Are similar in appearance and function due to shared ancestry
D. Are identical in both appearance and function

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Rationale: - Option A is incorrect because structures with the same function but different origins are analogous structures, not homologous structures. - Option B is incorrect because structures with different functions but the same origin are also not homologous structures; they are considered to be vestigial structures. - Option D is incorrect because structures that are identical in both appearance and function are not necessarily homologous; they could be the result of convergent evolution. Homologous structures are those that share similarities in appearance and function due to being inherited from a common ancestor. These structures may have undergone modifications over time to adapt to different functions in different species, but their fundamental similarities can be traced back to a shared evolutionary history.