1. Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for developing atherosclerosis?

A. High blood pressure
B. High levels of LDL cholesterol
C. Regular physical activity
D. Smoking

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Regular physical activity is NOT a risk factor for developing atherosclerosis. In fact, engaging in regular physical activity can help reduce the risk of developing atherosclerosis by improving cardiovascular health, lowering blood pressure, and reducing LDL cholesterol levels. High blood pressure, high levels of LDL cholesterol, and smoking are all known risk factors for atherosclerosis. High blood pressure can damage blood vessels, making them more susceptible to plaque buildup. High levels of LDL cholesterol can lead to the accumulation of plaque in the arteries, narrowing the passageways and increasing the risk of atherosclerosis. Smoking is harmful to blood vessels, promoting inflammation and the formation of plaque. Therefore, regular physical activity is actually a protective factor against atherosclerosis rather than a risk factor.

2. What is the name of a condition where the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy body tissues?

A. Allergy
B. Autoimmune disease
C. Immunodeficiency
D. Sepsis

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Autoimmune disease. This condition occurs when the immune system mistakenly targets and attacks healthy tissues in the body, leading to inflammation and tissue damage. Autoimmune diseases can affect various organs and systems in the body, such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and multiple sclerosis. Allergies (A) involve the immune system overreacting to harmless substances, but they do not involve attacking healthy tissues. Immunodeficiency (C) refers to a weakened immune system that is less able to fight off infections. Sepsis (D) is a life-threatening condition caused by the body's response to an infection, not an autoimmune reaction.

3. A person who carries a pathogen but does not exhibit any symptoms is considered:

A. Asymptomatic carrier
B. Opportunistic pathogen
C. Nosocomial infection
D. Vector-borne disease

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: An asymptomatic carrier is a person who carries a pathogen (such as a virus or bacterium) but does not show any symptoms of the infection themselves. Despite not exhibiting symptoms, asymptomatic carriers can still spread the pathogen to others, potentially causing illness in those who come into contact with them. This term specifically refers to individuals who are infected but do not develop symptoms, distinguishing them from symptomatic carriers who do show signs of the infection. Option A is the most appropriate choice in this context as it accurately describes a person who carries a pathogen without displaying symptoms. B) Opportunistic pathogen: This term refers to pathogens that typically do not cause disease in healthy individuals but can become pathogenic in individuals with weakened immune systems. C) Nosocomial infection: This term refers to infections that are acquired in a hospital or healthcare facility. D) Vector-borne disease: This term refers to diseases

4. What happens when an atom loses an electron?

A. It becomes a molecule.
B. It gains a positive charge and becomes an ion.
C. It changes its element identity.
D. Nothing happens, it remains neutral.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: It gains a positive charge and becomes an ion. Losing an electron disrupts the charge balance, leaving the atom with more protons than electrons and a positive charge.

5. . Edema, characterized by swelling due to fluid buildup, can be a sign of:

A. Heart failure
B. Liver disease
C. Lymphatic system dysfunction
D. All of the above

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Edema, which is the accumulation of fluid in tissues leading to swelling, can be caused by various medical conditions. Heart failure can result in fluid retention due to the heart's inability to pump effectively, leading to edema. Liver disease can cause edema by impairing the liver's ability to produce proteins that help maintain fluid balance. Dysfunction of the lymphatic system can also lead to edema, as the lymphatic vessels play a crucial role in draining excess fluid from tissues. Therefore, all the options (heart failure, liver disease, and lymphatic system dysfunction) can contribute to the development of edema, making 'All of the above' the correct answer.

6. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is the most abundant antibody type, responsible for:

A. Immediate allergic reactions
B. Neutralizing toxins and viruses
C. Activating other immune cells
D. Protecting newborns from infections

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: 'Neutralizing toxins and viruses.' Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is the most abundant antibody type in the blood and tissues. It plays a crucial role in neutralizing toxins and viruses by binding to them and marking them for destruction by other immune cells. IgG is also involved in opsonization, which enhances phagocytosis of pathogens by immune cells. While IgE is primarily responsible for immediate allergic reactions, IgG's main functions are related to immunity against pathogens rather than allergic responses. Activating other immune cells is typically associated with antibodies like IgM, while protecting newborns from infections is mainly attributed to maternal IgG antibodies passed on during pregnancy. Therefore, option B is the most accurate description of IgG's role in the immune system.