Nursing Elites

1. Identify the spectator ions in the reaction: 2KCl + Pb(NO3)2 → 2KNO3 + PbCl2.

• A. K+ and NO3-
• B. K+ and Cl-
• C. Pb2+ and NO3-
• D. Pb2+ and Cl-

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Rationale: - In the reaction, potassium ions (K+) and chloride ions (Cl-) are present on both sides of the equation. They are not involved in the formation of the products and remain unchanged. - Lead ions (Pb2+) and nitrate ions (NO3-) are involved in the formation of the products potassium nitrate (KNO3) and lead(II) chloride (PbCl2). - Therefore, the spectator ions in this reaction are K+ and Cl-.

2. What is the name of the tough, fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone?

• A. Fascia
• B. Perimysium
• C. Tendon
• D. Ligament

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Tendon. A tendon is the tough, fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone. Fascia (A) is a connective tissue that surrounds muscles, while perimysium (B) is the connective tissue surrounding bundles of muscle fibers. Ligaments (D) are tough bands of tissue that connect bones to other bones. Understanding the function and structure of tendons is crucial for biomechanics and movement as they play a vital role in transmitting forces from muscles to bones, allowing for movement and stability in the body.

3. Which of the following nutrients is essential for muscle growth and repair?

• A. Vitamin C
• B. Protein
• C. Carbohydrates
• D. Fat

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Protein. Protein is essential for muscle growth and repair because it provides the necessary building blocks called amino acids. These amino acids are crucial for repairing and building muscle tissue, which is essential for overall muscle growth and recovery. While vitamins like Vitamin C play a role in overall health and immune function, they are not directly involved in muscle growth and repair. Carbohydrates provide energy for workouts, but they are not the primary nutrient needed for muscle repair. Fat is important for overall health but is not as directly involved in muscle growth and repair as protein is.

4. What is the difference between active and passive immunity?

• A. Active immunity is short-lived, while passive immunity is long-lasting.
• B. Active immunity involves the body's own immune response, while passive immunity provides immediate protection through antibodies from another source.
• C. Active immunity only protects against bacterial infections, while passive immunity works against both bacteria and viruses.
• D. Passive immunity requires repeated vaccinations, while active immunity is a one-time process.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: "Active immunity involves the body's own immune response, while passive immunity provides immediate protection through antibodies from another source." Active immunity is long-lasting because it involves the body's immune system producing memory cells that remember specific pathogens, providing long-term protection. Passive immunity, on the other hand, is short-lived as it involves receiving pre-formed antibodies from an external source, such as through maternal transfer or injection of antibodies, which do not create memory cells for long-lasting protection.

5. The formula for body mass index (BMI) is BMI = weight (kg) / height (m)^2. If a patient's BMI is 25 and their height is 1.7m, what is their weight?

• A. 34kg
• B. 45kg
• C. 56kg
• D. 68kg

Correct answer: C

Rationale: 56kg: Rearrange the formula to solve for weight: weight = BMI * height^2.

6. Which statement is TRUE about valence electrons?

• A. They are located in the innermost electron shell.
• B. They have the highest binding energy to the nucleus.
• C. They are most likely to participate in chemical bonding.
• D. They have no influence on the element's chemical properties.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: They are most likely to participate in chemical bonding - Valence electrons occupy the outermost shell and are readily involved in forming bonds with other atoms.

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