Nursing Elites

1. What is the scientific name for the tear gland?

• A. Lachrymal gland
• B. Lacrimal sac
• C. Lacrimal duct
• D. Lacrimal papilla

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The lachrymal gland is the almond-shaped gland located above each eye, responsible for producing tears. Tears are a complex mixture of water, electrolytes, proteins, and other substances that help lubricate and protect the eyes from dryness and irritation.

2. What tool helps scientists identify and classify organisms based on their shared characteristics?

• A. Binomial nomenclature
• B. Cladistics
• C. Dichotomous key
• D. Domain-based classification

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Rationale: A) Binomial nomenclature is a system used to give each organism a two-part scientific name (genus and species) but does not help in identifying or classifying organisms based on shared characteristics. B) Cladistics is a method of classification based on evolutionary relationships and shared characteristics, but it is not a tool used for identifying organisms. C) Dichotomous key is a tool that helps scientists identify and classify organisms based on their shared characteristics by presenting a series of choices leading the user to the correct identification. D) Domain-based classification is a system of classification that groups organisms into three domains (Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya) based on molecular and genetic similarities, but it is not a tool used for identifying organisms based on shared characteristics.

3. Which hormone, produced by the adrenal glands, plays a crucial role in the body's response to stress, including the regulation of salt and water balance?

• A. Aldosterone
• B. Epinephrine
• C. Cortisol
• D. Insulin

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Aldosterone. Aldosterone is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands that plays a crucial role in the body's response to stress by regulating salt and water balance. It acts on the kidneys to increase the reabsorption of sodium and water, helping to maintain blood pressure and electrolyte balance during times of stress. Epinephrine and cortisol are also stress hormones produced by the adrenal glands, but they have different functions. Epinephrine is involved in the fight-or-flight response, while cortisol helps regulate metabolism and immune function. Insulin, produced by the pancreas, is involved in glucose metabolism and not directly related to the body's stress response. Therefore, aldosterone is the most appropriate hormone in this context.

4. Identify the antonym of the word "pensive":

• A. joyous
• B. thoughtful
• C. curious
• D. introspective

Correct answer: A

Rationale: "Joyous" is the opposite of "pensive," which means thoughtful and slightly melancholy.

5. What is the breakdown product of creatine phosphate, an energy source used for short bursts of muscle activity?

• A. Glucose
• B. Lactic acid
• C. Carbon dioxide
• D. Creatine

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The breakdown product of creatine phosphate is creatine. Creatine phosphate is stored in muscle cells and rapidly converts to creatine to provide energy for short bursts of muscle activity, such as weightlifting or sprinting. It is not converted into glucose, lactic acid, or carbon dioxide. Creatine is then further broken down into creatinine, which is excreted in urine. Therefore, the correct answer is D: Creatine.

6. The basic unit of communication in the nervous system is called a:

• A. Neuron
• B. Astrocyte
• C. Neurotransmitter
• D. Synapse

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The basic unit of communication in the nervous system is a neuron. Neurons are specialized cells that transmit information through electrical and chemical signals. They form complex networks to relay messages throughout the body. Astrocytes are support cells that help maintain the environment around neurons. Neurotransmitters are chemicals that transmit signals between neurons at synapses. A synapse is a junction between two neurons where communication occurs. However, the primary unit responsible for communication in the nervous system is the neuron, making it the correct answer.

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